Of the Buildings of Justinian

by Procopius

‘The monastery to which this church of the Saviour belonged was Μονὴ τῆς χώρας, or, as we say, “in the fields.” This was an ancient establishment, and its church, the oldest church in the city, dates from the third century.

‘A gem of beauty still, even in its decay, rich with mosaic of the fourteenth century, of a style purer and more refined than that which is more often seen and admired at Ravenna and Palermo. In this church alternately with the Hodegetria was kept the Holy Robe of the Virgin, which was wont to be carried in procession when the walls were threatened.’ The sketch-plan engraved was made by T. H. L. in 1884. An elevation of the exterior is given in C. Daly’s ‘Revue’ (1840), p. 13. (L.)

APPENDIX II.

Church of the Virgin, Jerusalem:

The description by Procopius of this church is very detailed; but the great alterations and destruction of buildings throughout the Harem area since his time make it extremely difficult to arrive at a correct understanding of his account, or to identify any portion of the church with existing buildings. It is usually supposed to have occupied the site of the present Mosque El Aksa, the entrances to which the Duc de Vogüé believes to be remains of Justinian’s church.

The questions as to the church are involved, to a considerable extent, with those relating to the date and authorship of the Dome of the Rock, which has usually been assigned to the Caleph Abd-el-Melek; but the late Mr. Fergusson, whose great architectural knowledge is undisputed, maintained that it was no other than Constantine’s Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and that the church described by Procopius was not on the site of El Aksa, but at the eastern angle of the temple area, and now utterly destroyed.

The subject, already sufficiently complicated, has been rendered still more so by a theory brought forward in 1882, by the well-known Professor Sepp, to the effect that the Dome of the Rock was not constructed by Constantine nor by Abd-el-Melek, but by Justinian.

The question is much more difficult to decide than may at first sight appear; and I confess that after having, for some years past, carefully collected the various documents on the subject, including the valuable translations published by my friend the late Professor Palmer, of Arabic historians, and having subsequently visited Jerusalem and studied the subject on the spot, with the kind assistance of Dr. Chaplin and others, I find that there are so many points to be cleared up, that I should not like to offer a definite opinion on the several disputed points until after another visit, which I hope to make shortly, to Jerusalem. My present views, so far as I may venture to put them forward, are in accordance with those of De Vogüé, Sir C. Warren and Captain Conder, viz., that the Dome of the Rock was built by Abd-el-Melek. (L.)

INDEX.

• A.
• Abbot Romanus, Church of the, [147]
• Abbot Joannes, Church of the, [148]
• Abbot Zacharia, Monastery of, [148]
• Aborrhas, River, [54], [55], [57]
• Abydos, [121], [128]
• Acacius, Church of, [22]
• Acarnania, [93]
• Ad Aquas, [111]
• Adana, [137]
• Adina, [113]
• Adriatic Sea, [90]
• Adrianopolis, [93]
• Adrumetus, [163]
• Aëdabe, [112]
• Ægean Sea, [24]
• Ægistum, [114]
• Ænus, [121], [122]
• Ætolia, [93]
• Agriolodes, Monastery of, [155]
• El Aksa, [140]
• Alexandria, [128], [152], [153]
• Almus, [111]
• Almyris, [114]
• Albinum, [113]
• Alustus, [88]
• Amasea, [86]
• Amida, [40], [51], [53], [73], [75], [77], [78], [79], [82]
• Ammodius, [45]
• Anaplus, [24], [29], [30], [31]
• Anastasiopolis, [122]
• Anchialus, [89]
• Annucas, [57]
• Antiphorus, [59]
• Antipyrgum, [154]
• Antiochia, [68], [69], [70], [71], [136]
• Ant, the, [116]
• Antoninus, Baths of, [131], [132]
• Apadnæ, Monastery of, [151]
• Apadnæ, [53]
• Apamea, [151]
• Aphelius, Monastery of, [148]
• Apostles, Church of, [20]
• Artaleson, [80]
• Archangel, Temple of the, [33]
• Arcadius, [15]
• Arcadius, Baths of, [36]
• Arcon, [81]
• Argyronium, [33]
• Armenia, Lesser, [81]
• Armenia, [28], [73], [75], [77], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [89]
• Armenia, Greater, [74], [75], [79], [82]
• Armata, [111]
• Arxanes, [77]
• Asia, [25]
• Asthianene, [79]
• Atachæ, [53]
• Athyra, [116]
• Athens, [96], [98]
• Augusta, [112]
• Augila, [156]
• Augustæum, [13], [34]
• Aumetera, [165]
• Aurasius, Mount, [165]
• B.
• Baga, [162]
• Baiberdon, [81]
• Baleæ, [96]
• Banasymeon, [53]
• Bara, [53]
• Barchon, [86]
• Barbalissus, [65]
• Batnæ, [61]
• Bederiana, [91], [92]
• Begadacum, Monastery of, [151]
• Belabitis, [76]
• Bellurus, [122]
• Bergonovore, [111]
• Bergus Altus, [111]
• Berenice, [154]
• Bethlehem, [148]
• Bidamas, [57]
• Bigrane, [111]
• Bismideon, [57]
• Bithynia, [129], [133], [134]
• Bizana, [81], [83], [84]
• Blachernæ, [16], [26]
• Black Gulf, [119]
• Bœotia, [96]
• Bononia, [111]
• Borium, [156], [157]
• Bosporus, [88]
• Bostra, in Phœnicia, [150]
• Brochi, [29]
• Byrthum, [53]
• Byzantium, [15], [16], [18], [20], [24], [26], [29], [31], [33], [38], [114], [117], [123], [129], [134], [145]
• Byzacium, [163], [164]
• C.
• Cæsarea, [98], [135]
• Callipolis, [121]
• Callinicum, [57], [61], [64]
• Campses, [109]
• Candidiana, [113]
• Cantabazates, [109]
• Cappadocia, [135], [136]
• Caputvada, [164]
• Caput-bovis, [109]
• Carrhæ, [57], [61]
• Carthage, [161]
• Cassandria, [99]
• Castoria, Lake, [97]
• Castramartis, [112]
• Cebres, [111]
• Centauropolis, [98]
• Cena, [86]
• Ceras, Gulf of, [24]
• Chæreum, [152]
• Chalcis, [71], [72], [98]
• Chalce, The Palace of, [34], [35]
• Cherson, [88]
• Chora, Church of, [40]
• Chersonesus, [119], [120], [121]
• Ciberis, [121]
• Cidama, [158]
• Cilicia, [136], [138]
• Cimmerian Straits, [153]
• Ciphæ, Fort, [53]
• Circesium, [55], [57]
• Citharizon, [77], [79]
• Clisuræ, [79], [87], [96]
• Colonia, [81]
• Commagene, [61]
• Constantinople, [13], [34], [37], [40], [115], [118], [128]
• Constantina, [54]
• Corinth, [96]
• Coracii, [96]
• Corzane, [79]
• Corde, [45]
• Couriers’ Lodgings, [131]
• Cratiscara, [92]
• Crissæan Gulf, [93]
• Crispas, [111]
• Cucarizon, [81]
• Cululius, [165]
• Cupus, [109]
• Cydnus, River, [137], [138]
• Cyntodemus, [113]
• Cynton, [113]
• Cyprus, [151]
• Cyricum, [151]
• Cyrene, Monastery of, [151]
• Cyrus, [71], [72]
• Cyrene, City of, [153]
• D.
• Dabanæ, [53]
• Dacia, [108], [109]
• Damascus, [110]
• Danube, River, [89], [91], [92], [108], [109], [110], [112], [113], [114]
• Daphne, [113], [151]
• Dardani, [92]
• Daras, a village, [40], [41], [42], [43], [47], [48], [49], [51], [52], [53], [83]
• Dausaron, [57]
• Demetrias, [97]
• Deuteron, [17]
• Dimarthion, Monastery of, [155]
• Diocletianopolis, [97]
• Ditch of Germanus, [81]
• Ditch of Longinus, [86]
• Dorostolus, [113]
• Doru, [88]
• Dorticum, [111]
• Draco, River, [130]
• Ducepratum, [109]
• E.
• Echinæum, [97]
• Edessa, [57], [58], [59], [60], [145]
• Elæus, [119], [121]
• Ephesus, [127], [128]
• Epirus, [93]
• Epidamnus, [91]
• Episcopia, [116]
• Eryma, [112]
• Eubœa, Island, [98]
• Euphratesia, [65], [67]
• Euphrates, River, [53], [56], [61], [63], [64], [65], [75], [81], [82]
• Euripus, Strait of, [99]
• Europus, [65]
• Eurœa, [93]
• Eutropius, [39]
• Euxine Sea, [24], [29], [32], [86], [89], [153]
• F.
• Forum of Constantine, [34], [35]
• Forty Martyrs, [81]
• Fort of the Emperors, [53]
• Fountain, The, [16]
• Forts, Lists of, [100]-107, [123]-126
• G.
• Gabula, [65]
• Gades, [166]
• Galatia, [134]
• Gerizim, [143], [144], [145], [146]
• Germana, [92]
• Girgis, [160]
• Golden Gate, [17], [33]
• Gomphi, [97]
• Gombes, [111]
• Greece, [93], [96], [98]
• Great Syrtes, [157]
• H.
• Halicaniburgus, [111]
• Hebdomon, [23], [31]
• Hellespont, [119], [128], [133]
• Helena, [129]
• Hemerius, [65]
• Hera, Temple of, [17]
• Heraclea, [96], [118], [119]
• Hieriphthon, Fort, [53]
• Hieron, [33]
• Hiereum, [17]
• or
• Heræum, [38], [39]
• Hierapolis, [66]
• Horn, The, [29]
• Hormisdas, [18], [34]
• House of Ares, [35]
• Huns, Fort of the, [112]
• Hypata, [96]
• I.
• Iatron, [113]
• Iberians, Church of, [147]
• Ibida, [114]
• Illyria, [96], [110], [112], [113]
• Illyrisis, [79]
• Ionian Gulf, [90]
• Irene, Church of, [14], [27]
• Isauria, [151]
• Iscum, [112]
• Isidorus, [15]
• Isthmus of Corinth, [93]
• Ister, River, [108], [114]
• Italy, [36], [67], [88]
• J.
• Jecundiana, [38]
• Jerusalem, [147]
• Jericho, Hospice at, [147]
• Joannes, Monastery of, [151]
• Jordan, Desert of, [147]
• Judæus, [111]
• Julian, Port, [23]
• Juliopolis, [134]
• Justinopolis, [92], [93]
• Justiniana Prima, [91]
• Justiniana Secunda, [92]
• Justiniana (Carthage), [162], [163]
• K.
• King’s Palace, [18]
• L.
• Laccobergus, [111]
• Laodicea, [151]
• Lapidaria, [112]
• Larissa, [98]
• Lazi, Church of the, [147]
• Lazica, [87]
• Lebanon, [73]
• Lederata, [109]
• Leontarium, [96]
• Leptis Magna, [158], [159]
• Libya, [36], [67], [127], [152], [153], [159], [161], [166]
• Litorata, [109]
• Longiniana, [111]
• Losorium, [87]
• Lucernariaburgum, [112]
• Lutararizon, [81]
• Lurnes, [53]
• Lysiormum, [81]
• M.
• Macedon, [74], [99], [102]
• Mæotic Lake, [87], [88]
• Magne Kahireh, Church of, [168], [169]
• Magdalathum, Fort, [57]
• Mamma, [165]
• Mandracium (Harbour), [162]
• Marathon, [98]
• Mareburgus, [111]
• Maria, Lake, [152]
• Martyr Anthimus, Church of, [27]
• Martyr Eugenius (Aqueduct), [86]
• Martyr Menas, Church of, [33]
• Martyr Menæus, Church of, [33]
• Martyr Mocius, Church of, [23]
• Martyropolis, [51], [77], [78], [79]
• Martyr St. Pantelëemon, Church, [32]
• Martyr Thecla, Church of, [23]
• Martyr Thyssus, Church of, [23]
• Maxentius, [113]
• Maximianopolis, [122]
• Melitene, [28], [82]
• Mesopotamia, [53], [57], [61], [76]
• Metropolis, [97]
• Mocesus, [135]
• Mochadius, [33]
• Mocatiana, [111]
• Mopsuestia, [136]
• Mount Hæmus, [123]
• Mount Pelion, [98]
• Myropole, [96]
• Mysia, [114]
• N.
• Naïsopolis, [92]
• Neapolis, [143], [144]
• Neocæsarea, [65], [67]
• New Epirus, [93], [100]
• Nicæa in Bithynia, [130]
• Nicomedia, [131]
• Nicopolis, [81], [93]
• Nile, River, [152], [153]
• Novæ, [109]
• Novum, [111]
• Numidia, [165]
• Nymphius, River, [77]
• O.
• Octavum, [108]
• Old Epirus, [23]
• Onopnictes, [70]
• Onos, [111]
• Orocassias, [69], [70]
• Oronon, [85]
• Orontes, River, [68], [69]
• Osrhoëne, [61], [80]
• P.
• Palmyra, [127]
• Pallene, Peninsula of, [99]
• Palestine, [72], [143], [147]
• Palmatis, [113]
• Palatiolum, [112]
• Pamphylia, [152]
• Pantalia, [92]
• Paratonium, [154]
• Peloponnesus, [97]
• Pentacomia, [65]
• Pentapolis, [153], [154], [155], [156]
• Peneus, River, [98]
• Persian Armenia, [85]
• Perga, [152]
• Persia, [51], [52]
• Perinthus, [118]
• Petra, [87]
• Petrius, [81]
• Pharsalus, [97]
• Phœnice, [93]
• Phœnicia, [73]
• Phasis in Colchis, River, [153]
• Phison, [79]
• Phiale, [152]
• Philippopolis, [123]
• Philæ, [57]
• Photica, [93]
• Phrygia, [133]
• Phthia, [98]
• Picnus, [109]
• Pityous, [87]
• Platanon, [136]
• Platæa, [96]
• Plotinopolis, [123]
• Pontem, [110]
• Pontes, [109], [110]
• Ponteserium, [111]
• Potidæa, [99]
• Ptolemais, [155]
• Proochthus, [29]
• Propontis, [36]
• Putedin, [111]
• Pyramus, River, [136]
• Pyramids, the, [40]
• Pythia, [134]
• Q.
• Quesoris, [113]
• Quimedaba, [92]
• R.
• Ratiaria, [111]
• Rhabdium, [51], [52]
• Rhœdestus, [119]
• Rhasis, [53]
• Rhegium, [115]
• Rhesias, [23]
• Rhecius, River, [99], [100]
• Rhipalthæ, [53]
• Rhizeum, [87]
• Rhodope Mountains, [122], [123]
• Ripensis, [109]
• Roman Empire, [29], [43], [54], [56], [85], [88], [94], [117], [146], [152]
• Rumisiana, [92]
• S.
• Sabaratha, [160]
• Saccus, [96]
• Sakhra, es (Dome of the Rock), [139]
• Saltopyrgus, Fort, [11]
• Sangaris, River, [133]
• Saphchæ, [79]
• Sarmathe, Monastery of, [151]
• Sardica, [92]
• Sardo, Island (Sardinia), [166]
• Sarus, River, [137]
• Satala, [80]
• Sauræ, [53]
• Schamalinichon, [85], [86]
• Scirtus, River, [58]
• Scythia, [114]
• Sebastia, [81]
• Sebastopolis, [87], [88]
• Securisca, [113]
• Selybria, [118]
• Semiramis at Babylon, [10]
• Sergius and Bacchus, SS., [14], [18], [19]
• Sergiopolis, [65]
• Sergius, [65]
• Sestos, [121], [128]
• Siberis, River, [134]
• Sicibida, [112]
• Siletheus, Church of, [147]
• Sinæ, [53]
• Singedon, [109]
• Sinai, Mount (close to Red Sea), [146]
• Siphris, [53]
• Sisilisson, [86]
• Sisauranum, Fort, [52]
• Smargdis, [53]
• Smornes, [109]
• Sophanene, [77], [78], [79]
• St. Agathonicus, Church of, [23]
• Stauris, [70]
• St. Anne, Church of, [17]
• Stadium, [40]
• St. Bartholomew, Church of, [45], [51]
• SS. Cosmas and Damianus in Pamphylia, House of, [151]
• SS. Cosmas and Damianus, Church of, [26]
• St. Conon, Poor-house of, [151]
• St. Cyrillus, [114]
• St. Elisæus, Church of the Well of, [147]
• St. George the Martyr, Church of, [81]
• St. Gregorius, [147]
• Stiliburgus, [111]
• St. John, Church of, [151]
• St. John, Monastery of, [149], [151]
• St. John the Baptist, Church of, [30]
• St. James, Church of, [33]
• St. John the Apostle, Church of, [127]
• St. Laurentius the Martyr, Church of, [26]
• St. Leontius, House of, [150]
• St. Marox, [151]
• St. Michael the Archangel, Church to (Antioch), [71]
• St. Michael, Poor-house of, [152]
• St. Michael the Archangel, at Byzantium, Church of, [17], [29], [31], [134]
• St. Mary, Church of, [147]
• Stork, the, [33]
• St. Phoca, Monastery of, [150]
• St. Plato the Martyr, Church of, [23]
• SS. Priscus and Nicolaus, Church of, [26]
• SS. Peter and Paul, [18]
• St. Pantelëemon, [147]
• St. Romanus, Poor-house of, [151]
• St. Sergius, Monastery of, [149]
• St. Samuel, Monastery of, [148]
• St. Sophia, Church of, [4], [11], [14], [15], [21], [34], [51]
• St. Theodorus, Church of, [23]
• St. Theodota, [23]
• St. Tryphon, Church of, [33]
• St. Thalelæus, [147]
• Suri, [64]
• Susanna, Monastery of, [148]
• Susiana, [111]
• Sycæ, [25], [134]
• Sycidaba, [113]
• Syria, [71], [72], [73]
• Syrtis the Lesser, [160], [161]
• T.
• Tacapa, [160]
• Tanatas, [109]
• Tanaïs, River, [153]
• Taphosiris, [153]
• Tarsus, [137]
• Tauri, [88]
• Tauroscythi, [88]
• Tauresium, [91]
• Telepta, [165]
• Tenedos, Island of, [128], [129]
• Tetrapyrgia, or the Four Towers, [91]
• Teuchria, [154]
• Thannurium, [57]
• Theodotus, Monastery of, [151]
• Thelphrache, Monastery of, [151]
• Thescus, [121]
• Theopolis, [68], [136], [151]
• Theodosiopolis, [47], [79], [81], [82], [83]
• Thermopylæ, [94], [95], [96], [97]
• Thessalonica, [99]
• Thebes, [97]
• Theodosiopolis, [47], [54], [57]
• Themeres, [57]
• Theodora, [110]
• Theodora, Baths of, [162]
• Theodoropolis, City, [113]
• Theodoropolis, Fort, [111]
• Thiolla, [57]
• Thrace, [89], [112], [114], [117], [119], [120]
• Tigas, [113]
• Tigris, River, [74]
• Tilicion, [114]
• Timena, [111]
• Toperus, [123]
• Trajanopolis, [122]
• Transmarisca, [113]
• Trapezus, [86], [87]
• Tripolis, [157], [159], [161]
• Tricattus, [97]
• Tricesa, Fort, [111]
• Tucca, [163]
• Tzanzakon, [86]
• Tzumina, [84]
• U.
• Ulmiton, [114]
• Ulpiana, [92]
• Unnum, [96]
• Utos, [112]
• V.
• Valeriana, [112]
• Variana, [112]
• Vernes, [109]
• Viminacium, [109]
• Virgin, at Porphyreon, House of the, [150]
• Virgin, at Jericho, Church of the, [147]
• Virgin, Church of the, [143]
• Virgin Mary, Church of, [15], [16], [26], [31]
• W.
• Watchtower, [44]
• Z.
• Zamarthas, [57]
• Zanes, [109]
• Zebinus, Monastery of, [151]
• Zenobia, [62], [63], [64]
• Zetnocortum, [112]
• Zeugma, [67]
• Zeuxippus, Baths of, [34]