Warships and their story

by R. A. Fletcher

• Adherence to sail after adoption of steam, [120], [122]
• Admiralty:
• Adoption of steam power and iron armour, [146];
• builds its first steamer, [89];
• attachment to wooden ships, [256];
• first iron steamship, [99]
• Advance towards Dreadnought gun arrangement, [251]
• Advice boats, [59]
• Aeroplane v. Submarine, [329];
• and warships, [329]
• African war canoes, [24]
• Alexander the Great’s State visit to Neptune, [289]
• Alexandria, Bombardment of, [214] et seq.;
• the defences, [215];
• British ships’ weight of broadsides, [216];
• damage caused by British fire, [217-9];
• Egyptian and British losses, [218]
• “All-big-gun” one calibre ships (see Dreadnoughts)
• All-round fire, [164]
• (see Dreadnoughts)
• America:
• first modern cruisers, [223];
• frigates, [60], [105], [124];
• navy, [60], [61];
• turret-ship’s Atlantic voyage, [188];
• warships sold to Europe, [189]
• American Civil War:
• Atlanta sunk by Weehawken, [134];
• Albemarle (Confederate ram) sunk by improvised torpedo boat, [134];
• Tennessee (Confederate) designed as ironclad ram, [134];
• battle with Union fleet, [135];
• David, [136];
• Ironsides attacked by, [136];
• improvised gunboats, [137];
• innovations, [104];
• “tinclads,” [137]
• (see also Alabama, Merrimac, Monitor)
• Ammunition tubes, [174];
• hoists, [277]
• Ancient Egyptian warships, [2], [3], [4]
• Antiquity of naval warfare, [2]
• Anti-torpedo boat armament: rate of fire, [304]
• “Anti-war shell,” [268]
• Arab dhow, [33], [37]
• Archers on shipboard, [19];
• fighting tops for, [41], [48]
• Armour:
• Agamemnon (1906) 8-in. armour equal to 12-in. four years earlier, [253];
• Hercules’, impenetrable, [159];
• value of, proved at Lissa, [157];
• concentration of, at sides, [119];
• increased thickness, [162];
• French, [163];
• Warrior, Devastation and Hercules compared, [162], [163];
• Inflexible’s, 2 ft. thick, [176];
• limit, [176];
• belts, [165];
• Armstrong-Whitworth competition, [275];
• on deflective principle, [242];
• targets, [275];
• steel and iron compared, [267], [277];
• developments, [321];
• Rossia’s in Japanese battle, [259];
• tests with H.M.S. Ruby, [100];
• iron plates superposed, [100];
• rolled armour plates for Crimean War, [100];
• steel, [20] inches thick, [246];
• compound belt, 18 inches thick, [247];
• Harveyised steel, [247], [248]
• Armour-cased screw frigate, [194]
• “Armour-patched” ship, [121]
• Armour plate experiments, [183], [266], [268], [269], [270];
• “impregnable armour plating,” [269];
• Italian experiments at Spezzia, [276]
• Armour plates:
• Warrior’s costly, [118];
• tests, [118];
• Black Prince’s, [121];
• Glutton’s, [183]
• (see Armour and Artillery)
• Armoured bow citadel, [148];
• bulkheads, [119], [148]
• Armoured frigates, [118], [181]
• Armoured ships (see also Floating Batteries):
• French Emperor decides to use against Russian forts, [109];
• French floating batteries, [109], [110];
• first iron-clad citadel ship in Europe, [109];
• similar floating batteries built by British, [110];
• objections to retention of, after Crimean War, [115];
• Royal Commission (1858) reports French building four iron-plated ships, [117];
• Gloire, battleship, converted to armoured frigate, [117];
• Britain’s reply with the Warrior, [118]
• Armstrong breech loaders, [148]
• Armstrong, Sir W., [274]
• Artillery:
• Chinese, [35];
• firearms introduced into western Europe, [39];
• cannon introduced, first used in naval warfare, early guns, method of mounting, chambers for, [40];
• brass guns, [48];
• heavy Russian at Sinope, [106];
• ditto at Sebastopol and Cronstadt, [107];
• rivalry between guns and armour, [108];
• 150-pounders, [300]-pounders, [152];
• 12½-ton gun, [158];
• 80-ton gun, [176];
• 100-ton guns, [178];
• 111-ton guns, [245];
• 12-inch guns, [247], [277], [282], [283];
• 13½-inch guns, [247];
• 15-inch guns, [282];
• 6-inch quick firers, [247];
• quick firers introduced, [274];
• breech loaders, [148], [244], [265], [270], [271], [275], [269];
• hydraulic machinery, [171], [174];
• loading by machinery, [174], [278-81];
• guns loaded at any elevation, [278-81];
• rifling: polygonal, [274];
• increasing twist, [274];
• difficulties attending, [265], [270], [274], [275];
• Whitworth rifled gun, [267];
• Whitworth hexagonal, [171];
• windage, [265], [274];
• cast-iron rifled guns, [265];
• wrought-iron rifled guns, [265];
• steel rifled guns, [265], [266];
• malleable iron gun, [266];
• smoothbores rifled, [275];
• uniform rifling, [283];
• Bessemer steel guns, [266];
• steel tubes, [266];
• steel guns adopted for the Navy, [266];
• muzzle-loading rifled gun, [176];
• competitive experiments with Armstrong and Whitworth guns, [267], [275];
• Whitworth gun range, [268];
• British Government declines competition between muzzle loader and Whitworth breech loader, [269];
• pivoted guns, [126], [175], [273];
• Armstrong-Woolwich gun, [164], [153], [271], [272];
• Dahlgren, [126], [131], [189], [190];
• adapted to Paixhan system of shell firing, [126];
• Hontoria, [227];
• Stockton-Ericsson, [128], [139];
• Parrott, [137];
• Paixhan, [110], [126];
• Rodman, [159], [190], [269], [270];
• Mackay, [270];
• Fraser’s cheap construction muzzle-loading, [271];
• French and English methods of working big guns, [277-8];
• manufacture, [282];
• underwater guns, [292];
• columbiads, [292-3];
• hexagonal bore, [270];
• energy, [270], [272];
• dimensions, [272-3];
• wire guns, [273];
• rapid fire, [273], [274], [279];
• turntable, [159];
• heavy guns in barbettes introduced, [244];
• sponsons, [96], [126];
• blast, [249];
• 46-ton wire gun more powerful than 110½-ton gun, [249];
• record weight of discharge prior to Dreadnoughts, [177];
• Spezzia experiments, [178];
• anti-torpedo boat guns, [176], [248];
• greater security through breech loading, [280];
• superiority of 12-inch gun over those prior to 1906, [252];
• range of Dreadnought’s guns, [262];
• 25-miles range, [268];
• length in proportion to calibre, [283]
• Assouan (Syene) Expedition, [3]
• Australian bark canoe, [23]
• Austrian fleet at Lissa, [153]
• Auxiliary steam: three-deckers, [105]
• Ballingers, [43]
• Baltic and Crimean campaigns, [104], [114], [115];
• Sea of Azof, [113]
• Banked ships, [7]
• Barbary pirates, [74]
• Barbette ships of high displacement, [248];
• freeboard, [247]
• Barbettes and turrets, [244]
• Barton, Sir Andrew, and family, [49]
• Basket-work boats, [6], [15]
• Basket-work shields, [6]
• Battle between steam fleet and sailing fleet, [106]
• Battles:
• Acre, [94];
• Copenhagen, [64];
• “Glorious First of June,” [64];
• La Hogue, [59];
• La Rochelle, [40];
• Lissa, [152];
• Ramming at, [153], [155], [157];
• Losses, [156];
• Migdol, [4];
• Min River, [224];
• Navarino, [64];
• Sinope, [106];
• Sluys, [40];
• Trafalgar, [64];
• Tsushima, [238-9]
• (see also Huascar, Merrimac, Monitor, American Civil War, Spanish American War)
• Battleship of the future, [328-31]
• Battleship-cruisers, [254], [255], [261], [262]
• Battleship’s greatest enemy, [285]
• Beardmore and Sons, [252]
• Beardmore, Mr., on armour progress, [253]
• Beginning of the English Navy, [44]
• Bellatorium (fighting castle), [20]
• Beresford, Lord Charles, and Egyptian gunner, [218]
• Bessemer, Sir Henry, [266]
• Betts, Hanlon and Hollingsworth, [123]
• Bilge keels, [120]
• Biremes, Triremes, etc., [7] et seq.
• Blakely shells in war, [198]
• “Blast” of great guns, [249]
• Blockade runners, [141]
• Boilers:
• Belleville, [260];
• watertube and cylindrical in combination, [260]
• Bomb vessels, [58]
• Boulton and Watt, [89]
• Bow armour, [147]
• Box or central battery, [119], [121]
• Brazil-Paraguay War (1865), [198]
• Brazilian gun experiments, [269]
• Breastwork monitors, [183]
• Breastworks, [164]
• Breech-loading guns in European ships, [195]
• (see Artillery)
• Britain’s first iron screw steamer, [94]
• Britain’s reply to United States monitors, [162]
• British naval resources, [62], [303]
• British Navy begun, [44]
• British-built monitors for Holland, [192]
• Broadside ironclads, [147], [148], [153]
• Broadside or central battery ships, [212]
• Broadside ships, [174], [243]
• Brooke, Commander, [127]
• Brooklyn Navy yard, [104]
• Brown, Sir John, [276]
• Brunel, I. K., [89]
• Buchanan, Commander Franklin, [128]
• Built canoes, [30]
• Bulkheads:
• armoured, [174], [120];
• iron-plated, [121]
• “Busses,” [20]
• Cammell (Sheffield), [179]
• Cancelli, [6]
• Canet, M., [277]
• Cannon, demi-cannon, [74]
• Carronades, [75]
• Catamarans, [30], [291]
• Cavalli, Major, [265]
• Cellular double bottoms, [152]
• Central armoured citadel, [178]
• Central battery, [148], [174], [175], [243]
• Central battery and double turret combined, [244]
• Central box battery ships in action, [203]
• Central hexagonal box battery (Mackrow system), [194]
• Cervera, Admiral, [230-2]
• Charles II.’s navy, [58]
• Chatham Islands catamarans, [30]
• Cheeses (Dutch) as cannonballs, [76]
• Chili-Peruvian War:
• Peruvian fleet, [203];
• Chili’s modern ironclads, [203];
• how the Chilians fought and lost the Esmeralda, [205];
• naval battles of the war, [203-7]
• Chilian Revolution:
• Rebel Esmeralda (1884), [208];
• fight between Blanco Encalada and Almirante Lynch and Almirante Condell, [209-10];
• sulking of the Blanco Encalada, [210]
• Chinese artillery, [35]
• Chinese war junks, [35]
• Chino-Japanese War, [234-5]
• Cinque ports, [51]
• Circular ships, [180]
• Citadel, central armoured, [178]
• Citadel-ships (see Floating Batteries), [109], [119]
• Classifications, [57], [59], [62]
• Coal supply for warships, [181], [183], [185]
• Coast defence ships, [161], [182]
• Cochrane, Admiral, and Chili, [88]
• “Cogs,” [43]
• Coles, Capt., [146], [150], [160-1]
• Combination of central battery and barbettes or turrets, [174]
• Commerce destroyers, [256]
• Complete protective steel deck, [258]
• Composite vessels, [185]
• Conning towers, [166]
• Contest between guns and armour, [283]
• Copper:
• fastenings, [62];
• sheathing, [256]
• Coracles, [15]
• Cordite, [273]
• Corvettes, [256]
• Cost of warships:
• Queen Elizabeth’s time, [57];
• present day, [250], [251]
• Crimean campaign, [104], [114], [115]
• Cruisers:
• Classified, [255];
• duties of, [253];
• last British with square sails, [254];
• retention of sails advocated, [254];
• cruiser-battleships, [254], [255], [261], [262];
• in Russo-Japanese War, [254];
• great speed of Dreadnought-cruiser, [255];
• steel and iron, wood sheathed, [257];
• first protected cruiser, [208], [258];
• armoured cruisers, [258], [260], [261];
• protected cruiser preferred by Admiralty, [258];
• protected cruisers, [259];
• armoured replace protected cruisers, [260];
• “Town” class, [261];
• cruisers developed from battleships, [261];
• belted cruisers, [261];
• powerful Japanese, [263];
• fast German, [253]
• Crusades, [20]
• Culverins and demi-culverins, [74]
• Cupola ship, [194]
• Danes, [16]
• Decked Western vessel (first), [18]
• Decks:
• nickel steel, [260];
• plated, [164], [165];
• protective, [146], [164]
• Denmark introduces turret system, [151]
• Denny (Dumbarton), [310]
• Depressible guns, [84]
• Destroyers, [285];
• why necessary, [305];
• requirements, [306];
• earliest British, [306];
• famous builders, [306];
• increasing speed, [306];
• first turbine destroyer, [308];
• coastal destroyers, [308];
• for Australian Commonwealth, [310];
• fighting and sea-going qualities, [310];
• fuel consumption and range of action, [310];
• British and German rival types, [310-1]
• Ditchburn and Mare, [94], [99], [118]
• “Double-built” ship, [54]
• Double canoes, [24], [29]
• Double turret and central battery combined, [244]
• Dreadnought:
• Why designed, [240];
• revised gun arrangements, [245];
• forerunners of, [251];
• hitting power at long range, [252];
• Dreadnought cruisers, [262];
• how all big gun one-calibre ships came about, [312];
• secrecy as to the Dreadnought, [313];
• fighting value compared with other types, [313];
• absence of secondary armament, [314];
• official description, [314-5]-6;
• turbines, [316];
• radius of action, [316];
• officers’ quarters forward, [316];
• armament and broadside, [316];
• Orion’s armament and broadside, [316];
• other super-Dreadnoughts, [317-9];
• arrangement of turrets and guns, [319];
• other nations adopt the type, [325], [326];
• Invincible’s speed, [253], [255]
• Dromons built at Southampton, [43]
• Dudgeon, J. and W., [148-50]
• Dudgeon’s twin screws, [242]
• Duels between warships:
• Merrimac--Monitor, [128] et seq.;
• Alabama--Kearsarge, [141];
• Anglo-American, [61];
• between armoured and wooden ships, [205], [206]
• (see also Huascar, etc., [205-7])
• Dug-outs, [21], [24], [29], [32]
• Dyak head-hunters’ canoes, [34]
• Dynamite gun, [224]
• Earlier and later Dreadnoughts compared, [261]
• Early four-masted ship, [44], [47]
• East India Company, [76], [91]
• East Indiamen, [77]
• Elder, John, inventor of circular ships, [181]
• Elevated platforms, [20]
• Elongated shell (Stevens’), [86], [87]
• Elswick, [178], [179], [258]
• Engagement between fleet and barge, [199]
• English and French guns compared, [277]
• Ericsson, John, offers Monitor, [128];
• and British Admiralty, [92], [131], [138];
• guns, [93], [128], [139];
• offer to France, [110]
• (see also Monitor)
• Engines:
• Side-lever superseded by direct acting, [101];
• American oscillating beam engines, [101];
• necessity of placing machinery below the water level, [102], [103];
• Penn’s oscillating cylinder, [102];
• Maudslay’s double cylinders, [102], [107];
• horizontal engines, [103];
• Penn’s trunk engines, [103];
• supersession of trunks by high-pressure steam, [103];
• surface condensation, [104];
• compound engines, [104];
• cylindrical boilers, [104];
• Maudslay’s “Siamese” engine, [98];
• improved vertical compound engine, [179];
• internal combustion, [304];
• turbines, [262], [307], [308]
• Eskimo kayak, [23]
• Euphrates boats, [6], [15]
• Evans, Admiral Robley D., [232]
• Extravagant theories, [145]
• Fairbairn, [100]
• False bows and sterns, [184]
• Farragut, Admiral, [134], [135], [139]
• Fighting castle, [20]
• Figure-head hinged as gun-port, [185]
• Fijian canoe, [30]
• Firearms introduced by Moors, [39]
• First armour-plated ship to enter Pacific, [192]
• First automobile torpedo fired in war, [201]
• First British warship with Harveyised steel armour, [248]
• First Clyde-built steam frigate, [100]
• First ironclad built at Hull, [204]
• First iron-screw British steamer, [94]
• First iron sea-going propeller steamer constructed in United States of America, [123]
• First iron warship, [91]
• First iron war steamer in action, [91]
• First modern protected cruiser, [208]
• First protected cruiser, [258]
• First sea-going ironclad, [118]
• First steam warship to round Cape Horn, [88]
• First steel battleship for British Navy, [244]
• First twin screw ocean-going ironclad, [150]
• First war steamers in battle, [95]
• Floating batteries, [109], [110], [111];
• armament and sails, [111];
• given two screw propellers, [111];
• wooden-built and armoured, [112];
• iron-built, [112];
• French attack on Kinburn forts, [112];
• victory of armoured batteries, [112];
• armour unpierced, [113];
• Admiral Popoff’s floating fortresses, [180]
• Floating castle, [175]
• Floating hells, [76]
• Forced draught invented, [86]
• Fore River Co., [311]
• Forty-banked ships, [7]
• Franco-Prussian War: Fight between gunboats Bouvet and Meteor, [211]
• Freeboard, [163];
• raised by sunk forecastle, [164];
• high, [252]
• French and Dutch two-and three-deckers, [57]
• French Emperor and Ericsson, [109]
• French rifled breech-loading guns, [275]
• Frigates, [57], [59], [91], [95]
• Fulton, Robert, [82], [291]
• Galleys first with guns, [42]
• Garrett, [299] (see Submarines)
• German warships for Turkey, [74]
• Germany’s modern Navy begun, [194]
• Gibson’s Report on the Navy (1603), [72]
• Gokstad ship, [16]
• Grappling irons, [6]
• Great ships, [43]
• Greater space between decks, [55]
• Greek fire, [11], [39], [289]
• Greeks as warship builders, [7]
• Grenville, Sir Richard, [206]
• Griffiths’ propeller, [125], [147]
• Gunboats, [241];
• shallow river, [90];
• in action, [113]
• Gun carriages, improvements in, [119], [126] (see Carronades)
• Gunfire at Tsushima:
• Japanese effective range, [237];
• Russians’ shorter range, [238];
• proportion of Japanese hits over Russian, [238];
• concentration of rapid fire, [238]
• Gunfire, modern:
• range, rapidity and weight, [322], [323];
• discharge, [281];
• internal pressure, [281];
• Sir Andrew Noble’s experiments, [281]
• Gunports: Too near water, [49] higher, [147], [252]
• Head-hunters’ war canoes, [26], [31], [34]
• Henry V., naval progress under, [43]
• High displacement barbette ships, [248]
• High freeboard barbette type, [247]
• Hogging and sagging, [10]
• Howitzers, [189]
• Huascar:
• Dimensions, armour and armament, [201];
• mutiny, [201];
• duel with British cruisers Shah and Amethyst, [201], [202];
• surrender to Peruvian Government, [202];
• re-boilered, [203];
• rams and sinks Esmeralda, [205];
• nearly torpedoes herself, [204]
• Human heads fired from cannon, [73]
• Human trophies on war canoes, [25]
• Hurricane at Samoa: H.M.S. Calliope’s struggle for the open sea; six American and German warships wrecked, [257]
• Iliad catalogue, [2]
• Importance of accurate gunfire, [158]
• Improvised warships, [114]
• (see American Civil War)
• Increased range of gunfire, [194]
• Indian war canoes, [22]
• Infernals, [58]
• Internal combustion engines, [304]
• Iron armour, [83]
• Ironclad, first ship designed, [81]
• Ironclad rams in action (see Tennessee, Merrimac, Monitor; also Terribile and Formidabile), [153]
• Ironclads, conversion from wooden ships, [146];
• first European in action, [152]
• Iron-framed vessels, [138]
• Iron shipbuilding advocated, [90]
• Iron war steamers: H.M.S. Trident, first ever built, [99]
• Italian fleet at Lissa, [152]
• Japanese:
• Junks, [37];
• protected galleys, [37];
• modern ships:
• first ironclad frigate, [233];
• first built by Japan, [234]
• (see Tsushima)
• Kane, Captain, [257]
• Keel, steel built, [165]
• Kinburn, [108];
• problems created by failure of attack, [108];
• inauguration of the struggle between guns and armour, [108];
• French Emperor favours small ironclads, [109]
• King Alfred’s ships, [17]
• King Charles’s ships (1633), [55]
• Laird, J., [90], [91], [99], [306]
• Last British paddle frigate, [97]
• Last British single turret ship, [246]
• Last British wooden battleship, [116]
• Legendary expeditions, [2]
• Letters of marque, [48]
• Lime dust as missile, [20]
• Limit of thickness of iron armour, [176]
• Lowering bulwarks, [151], [172]
• Low freeboard ships, [160], [244]
• Maudslay’s, [98], [102], [116]
• Machine guns, [284]
• Machines for hurling stones, [39], [40]
• Main deck battery divided, [174], [175]
• Malay:
• Pirates’ dug-outs, [32];
• fighting decks, proa, [33]
• Mediterranean and Atlantic coast vessels compared, [16]
• Merrimac:
• Steam frigate, [125];
• visit to England, [124];
• dimensions, [125];
• boilers and engines, [125];
• equal of any European vessel, [125];
• system of construction, [125];
• sail area, [125];
• heavy armament, [126];
• peculiar gun mountings, [126];
• burnt by Federals, [127];
• raised, altered and refitted by Confederates, [127];
• railway-iron armoured casemate, [127];
• her destructive trial trip, [128];
• duel with Monitor and gunboats, [128], [131], [132], [133], [137];
• scuttled by commander, [133]
• Military mast, [166]
• Millwall Ironworks, [122]
• Modern guns and ships in war, [236]
• Modern heavy artillery construction, [282]
• Monitor:
• Ericsson’s tender, [128];
• officials’ interference with plans, [129];
• derision and abuse, [129];
• change in naval construction inaugurated by, [129];
• as ram, [129];
• Admiral Porter’s advocacy, [130];
• peculiar shape, [131];
• narrow escape, [131];
• why name chosen, [131];
• armament and armour, [131];
• duel with Merrimac, [128], [131-3];
• steering gear and anchor
• out of reach of hostile fire, [133];
• lost in rough weather, [133]
• Monitor:
• in Prussian-Danish War, [151];
• coast defence, [182];
• double turreted, [151], [153];
• craze for, [144]
• Mortar boats, [114]
• Napier, Sir C., [90]
• Napoleon I., proposed rescue from St. Helena, [293]
• Naval artillery: Later developments, [273]
• Naval corruption, [221]
• Necessity of armour protection, [146]
• New Georgia canoes, [31]
• New Guinea Lakatoi, [29]
• New Zealand (Maori) war canoes, [25] et seq.
• Noble, Sir A., [281]
• Nordenfeldt, Dr., [299]
• (see Submarines)
• Number of rowers in banked ships, [9]
• Oblong iron forts on steam rafts, [199]
• Old ships re-armed, [243]
• “One-ass power,” [15]
• Oscillating paddles, [81]
• Outriggers, [24], [25]
• Paddles:
• Boxes and wheels, objection to, [81], [97];
• frigates with, [96], [97], [106];
• gunboats in action, [113];
• trials against screws, [98];
• war steamers with, [95];
• war junks with, [35];
• sponsons extended to carry cannon, [97]
• Palliser, Major, [274]
• Palmer’s, [306]
• Parodus, [6]
• Passengers called on to fight, [77]
• Penn, John, and Sons, [103], [178]
• Pett, Phineas, [54], [57]
• Phœnicians’ connection with Britain, [15];
• war galleys, [6]
• Pickled human heads, [49]
• Pioneer of modern battleship, [244]
• Portholes, invention of, [42], [49];
• plated ports, [120];
• reduced size, [120];
• diagonal plates, [125]
• Privateers, [140]
• Projectiles:
• Armour-piercing, [265], [273];
• Bessemer steel, [267];
• Dutch cheeses, [76];
• flat-headed, [268];
• human heads, [73];
• anti-war shell, [268];
• Palliser, [164], [269], [274];
• Whitworth, pointed and cylindrical, [274];
• studded, [277];
• steel, [268];
• stone cannon balls, [40];
• solid and hollow shot, [126];
• resistance of armour to, [322-3];
• lead-coated, [274];
• velocity, [272];
• weight, [274];
• elongated shell, [85], [86]
• Propellers:
• Adjustable, [123];
• advantages, [148];
• Dudgeon’s, [148];
• Ericsson’s screw, [92];
• Griffiths’, [125], [147];
• Smith’s, [92];
• Mangin, [122];
• twin screws, [138], [148], [173];
• adoption by Admiralty, [150];
• first British twin screw ironclad, [150];
• twin screw in United States of America, [125]
• Proposal to subject Cerberus to gunfire with crew on board, [184], [185]
• Protected ships (Japanese), [37]
• Queen Elizabeth and Navy, [50], [51];
• second embassy to Turkey, [53]
• Rafts, [21]
• Railway locomotives as marine engines, [106]
• Raleigh, Sir Walter, as critic, [55]
• Ram, [5], [6], [7], [10], [119], [172], [190], [205]
• Ramberges, [44]
• Range-finding tower, [259]
• Rapid building, [192], [247]
• Ratings, [57], [59]
• Recessed ports, [150], [172]
• Reed, Mr., afterwards Sir E., [195]
• Remarkable French ironclads, [190-1]
• Rennie, J. and G., [94]
• Report on Royal Navy (1552), [50]
• Resistance of armour to projectiles, [322-3]
• Robinson and Russell, [98], [113]
• Russell, Scott, [90], [120]
• Russo-Japanese War:
• Russian fleet’s departure for the Far East, [236];
• British trawlers or Japanese torpedo boats, [236];
• Russian fleet’s slow speed, [236];
• going to destruction, [236];
• Japan’s ships’ superior speed, [237];
• Russians reach Japanese waters, [236];
• sudden Japanese attack, [237];
• Russian ships overloaded and filthy, [237];
• Japanese gunnery superior, [237];
• Russians defeated in two hours, [237];
• Admiral Togo’s objects, incidents of the battle, [239-40]
• Russo-Turkish War:
• Value of torpedo to Russians, [200];
• powerful Turkish fleet, [212];
• Turkish ships torpedoed, [212-3];
• naval encounter, [214]
• Ruthven’s hydraulic propulsion, [186];
• experiments, [187-8]
• Sailers converted into steamships, [105]
• Sailing warships with attendant steamers, [95], [107]
• Sakers, [74]
• Samoan war canoe, [26]
• Samuda, [194], [233]
• “Sappy timbers and rotten planking,” [241]
• Scouts, combination of gunboat, cruiser and destroyer, [311];
• English and American, [311]
• Sea-fights of the Crusades, [14]
• Sea-going turret ship, [193]
• Secondary armaments, [251], [252], [303]
• Semmes, Capt. R., [140]
• Seppings, Sir R., [65]
• Serpentines, [45]
• Seventeenth century cannon, [74]
• Screws (see Propellers)
• Shark’s-mouth rudders, [149]
• Shields of basket work, [6], [15]
• Ships Mentioned:
• Aaron Manby, [90]
• Abyssinia, [183]
• Achilles, [172]
• Acorn, [310]
• Actinaut, [288]
• Active (1822), [89]
• Admiral Popoff, [180]
• Adventure, [60]
• Adventure (scout), [311]
• Affondatore, [153]
• Agamemnon (1853), [105]
• Agamemnon (1906), [252], [317]
• Agincourt (1865), [122], [167]
• Alabama, [141]
• Albatross, [185]
• Albatross (1899), [306]
• Albemarle (Confederate), [134], [286]
• Alecto, [98]
• Alexander III. (Russian), [238]
• Alexandra, [174], [216]
• Almirante Cochrane, [203], [296]
• Almirante Condell, [209], [210]
• Almirante Lynch, [209], [210]
• Amethyst, [201]
• Amphion (1895), [253]
• Antelope (Queen Elizabeth), [52]
• Archimedes, [92]
• Arethusa (1895), [253]
• Ark Royal, [52]
• Arrogant, [103]
• Arminius, [194]
• Ascension (Queen Elizabeth), [53]
• Assar-i-Chevket, [214]
• Assar-i-Tewfik, [212]
• Ataka Maru, [37]
• Atlanta (Confederate), [133]
• Atlanta (United States), [222]
• Audacious, [173]
• Avni-Illah, [212]
• Azazieh, [212]
• Bacchante, [256]
• Baltimore (United States), [224], [225], [227]
• Bangor (United States), [123]
• Barfleur, [260]
• Basilisk, [99]
• Battle Animal, [5]
• Beacon, [216]
• Beagle, [310]
• Bellerophon (1865), [148], [163], [172]
• Bellerophon (1907), [317]
• Belier, [163]
• Beloved of Amon, [5]
• Benbow, [245]
• Berenguela (Spanish, 1865), [198]
• Birkenhead, [99], [100]
• Bittern, [216]
• Black Eagle, [102]
• Black Galley, [51]
• Black Prince (1860), [129], [158]
• Black Prince (1904), [261]
• Blanco Encalada, [203], [296] et seq.
• Bolivar (Venezuelan), [173]
• Bombe (1885), [305]
• Bonaventure, [52]
• Borodino (Russian), [238], [239]
• Boston (United States), [222], [227]
• Boxer, [306]
• Brilliant (36-gun frigate), [60]
• Brooklyn (United States, 1862), [140]
• Brooklyn (United States, 1895), [233]
• Buenos Ayres (Argentine), [263]
• Cabral (Brazil), [199]
• Caledonia (1794), [64]
• Caledonian, [172]
• Calliope, [257]
• Camperdown, [245]
• Canopus, [250], [260]
• Captain, [160], [161], [183]
• Caracon, [46]
• Castilla (Spanish), [227]
• Centurion (1897), [248]
• Cerberus, [183], [184], [185], [243]
• Charleston (United States), [223]
• Chesapeake (United States), [60], [61]
• Chicago (United States, 1883), [222]
• Christopher Spayne, [43]
• Collingwood, [317]
• Colombo (Brazil), [199]
• Colossus (1882), [244]
• Colossus (1911), [318], [320]
• Columbia (United States), [225]
• Comet (1821), [89]
• Commerce de Marseilles (French), [63]
• Comus, [257]
• Concord (Spanish), [228]
• Condor, [216]
• Congreve (French), [109]
• Conqueror (1882), [244]
• Conqueror (1911), [262], [318], [319]
• Constant Warwick, [57]
• Constellation (United States), [60]
• Constitution (United States), [60], [61]
• Courageux, [58]
• Covadonga (Chilian), [197], [205], [206]
• Cressy, [261]
• Cristobal Colon (Spanish), [232]
• Cushing (United States), [224]
• Cygnet, [216]
• Dandolo (Italian), [152], [177]
• Danton (French), [325]
• Dantzig (Prussian), [98]
• Daring, [306]
• Dartford, [261]
• David (Confederate), [136], [294]
• Decoy, [216]
• Delaware (United States), [325]
• Demologos, [82]
• Desperate, [306]
• De Tygre (Dutch), [193]
• Devastation (1869), [161] et seq., [176], [243]
• Dévastation (French, 1854), [109]
• Devonshire, [260]
• Diamond (1874), [256]
• Dictator, [138]
• Dolphin (United States), [222]
• Don Antonio de Ulloa (Spain), [229]
• Doncaster, [81]
• Don Juan (Austrian), [153]
• Dover, [93]
• Drache (Austrian), [153]
• Drake (1902), [260]
• Dreadnought (Caledonia), [64]
• Dreadnought (Queen Elizabeth), [52]
• Dreadnought (turret), [244], [240], [171], [176]
• Dreadnought (1906), [240], [313-321]
• Druid, [185]
• Duilio (Italian), [152], [177]
• Duncan, [250], [261]
• Dunderberg, [189]
• Duke of Wellington, [105]
• Dupuy de Lôme, [259]
• Dwarf, [94]
• “E,” [304]
• Edinburgh, [244]
• Edward, [47]
• Elburkah, [90]
• Elizabeth Jones, [52]
• Encounter, [103]
• Esmeralda (1865), [197]
• Esmeralda (1883), [258]
• Erebus (1854), [112]
• Ernest Renan, [263]
• Essex, [60]
• Faid Gihaad, [97]
• Far East, [150]
• Ferdinand Maximilian, [153], [155]
• Fingal, [133]
• Flora, [148]
• Foo-So (Japanese), [233]
• Formidabile (Italian), [153]
• Formidable, [250]
• Foudroyant (French), [109]
• Fulton the First, [82]
• Furor (Spanish), [232]
• Fury, [171]
• Gabriel Royal, [49]
• Garry Owen, [91]
• Gem of the Ocean, [225]
• George, [51]
• Glatton (1854), [111]
• Glatton (1869), [161], [182]
• Gibraltar (ex Sumter), [141]
• Gloire (French), [117-20]
• Glorious in Memphis, [5]
• Gorgon, [95]
• Goubet, [300]
• Grappler, [76]
• Grace de Dieu, [44]
• Great Britain, [93]
• Great Dragon, [17]
• Great Eastern, [93]
• Great Harry, [44], [45], [46], [47], [50]
• Greenock, [101]
• Guadeloupe, [91]
• Guerriere, [61]
• Gymnote, [300]
• Habsburg, [153]
• Handig Vlug, [241]
• Hardy, [274]
• Hartford (United States), [136]
• Hatteras, [141]
• Hebe, [149]
• Hebe (French frigate), [96]
• Hecate, [90]
• Hecla, [90]
• Hector (1860), [147], [172]
• Heiligerlee (Dutch), [192]
• Helicon, [172]
• Henry, [57]
• Henry Grace de Dieu, [44]
• Hercules (1866), [158], [173], [195], [243]
• Hercules (1911), [318]
• Hibernia (1790), [62]
• Holigost, [43]
• Holland, [295] et seq.
• Holy Ghost, [44]
• Hood (1897), [247], [248], [321]
• Hornet, [306]
• Housatonic, [294]
• Huascar, [200] et seq.
• Imperieuse (1881), [258]
• Inconstant (1869), [181], [257]
• Indiana, [232]
• Independencia (Peru), [202-206]
• Infanta Maria Teresa, [230], [232]
• Inflexible (1876), [175-8], [216], [241]
• Inflexible (1907), [261]
• Invincible, [58]
• Invincible (1876), [216]
• Invincible (1907), [253]
• Iowa, [233]
• Iris (1878), [253]
• Iron Duke, [173]
• Ironsides, [136]
• Janus, [306]
• Jesus, [43]
• Kaifu, [310]
• Kaiser (Austrian), [153]
• Kaiser Maximilian, [153]
• Katahdin, [222]
• Katherine, [57]
• Katherine Forteless, [50]
• Kearsarge, [141]
• Kearsarge (second), [225]
• Kentucky, [225]
• Key-ing, [35]
• King Edward VII., [251]
• King George (Greek), [194], [212]
• Kniaz Suvaroff, [238], [239]
• Krokodil, [192]
• Kron Prim, [194]
• Lady Nancy, [114]
• Lave (French), [109]
• Leander, [257]
• Leicester (galleon), [53]
• Leviathan, [58]
• Lightning (1823), [89]
• Lightning (1876), [302]
• Lightning (1894), [306]
• Lion (Queen Elizabeth), [52]
• Lion (15th century), [49]
• Liverpool, [261]
• Long Serpent, [18]
• Lord Clyde, [147]
• Lord Nelson, [314], [317]
• Lutfi-Djelil, [213]
• Magdala, [183]
• Magenta (French), [191]
• Magnificent, [248-50], [261]
• Mahmoudieh, [212]
• Maine (1886), [224], [226], [255]
• Majestic, [248-50], [262], [314], [322]
• Maori, [310]
• Marie de la Cordeliere, [45]
• Mary, [173]
• Mary Florence, [207], [208]
• Mary Rose, [49], [50], [52]
• Mastiff, [274]
• Megæra, [99]
• Merchant Royal, [53]
• Mercury (1878), [253]
• Mermaid (1842), [94]
• Merrimac, [124] et seq.
• Messoudiye, [175], [212]
• Miantonomoh, [189]
• Minos Geraes, [324]
• Minin, [179]
• Minneapolis, [225]
• Minotaur (1865), [122], [147], [148], [158]
• Minotaur (1906), [261]
• Mohawk, [308]
• Moltke, [326]
• Monarch (1868), [159-61], [183], [216], [244]
• Monarch (1911), [318-20]
• Monitor, [92] (see Index)
• Monkey, [89]
• Mouette (French), [113]
• Mrs. Grand, [50]
• Mute, [292]
• Nahant, [133]
• Naugatuck, [137]
• Nautilus, [291]
• Nemesis, [91]
• Neptune, [103]
• Neptune (1911), [318-20]
• Niger, [99]
• Nile, [244], [246], [321]
• Nix (Prussian), [113]
• Nonpareil, [52]
• Northumberland (1865), [122], [147], [148], [243]
• Novelty, [92]
• Novgorod, [180]
• Numancia (1864), [192], [197], [230]
• Ocean, [172]
• O’Higgins, [208]
• Old Ironsides, [61], [136]
• Olympia, [227]
• Onondaga, [190]
• Oquendo, [230]
• Oregon, [226], [233]
• Orel, [238], [239]
• Orion, [317], [318], [321]
• Orkanieh, [212]
• Osliabya, [239]
• Osmanieh, [212]
• Pallas (armour plate), [172]
• Pallas (36-gun frigate), [60]
• Pelayo, [230]
• Penelope (1843), [96]
• Penelope (1867), [150], [216]
• Peter the Great, [179]
• Phæton (1897), [254]
• Phœnix (British), [95]
• Phœnix (Stevens’), [82]
• Plongeur, [294]
• Pluton, [232]
• Powerful, [259]
• President (United States), [60]
• Prince (Prince Royal), [54]
• Princess Royal, [262]
• Princeton, [92]
• Prinz Eugen, [153]
• Quail, [306]
• Queen Mary, [262]
• Rainbow, [52]
• Raleigh, [227]
• Ramillies, [292]
• Rattler, [98]
• Rattlesnake, [305]
• Recruit, [113]
• Re d’Italia, [152]
• Re de Portogallo, [152]
• Regent, [45], [49]
• Reina Cristina, [227]
• Renown (1897), [248], [260]
• Research, [172]
• Resurgam, [295]
• Retribution, [106]
• Rhadamanthus, [90]
• Rio de Janeiro, [262]
• Rising Star, [88]
• Roccafortis, [20]
• Rochambeau, [189]
• Rolf Kraake, [151]
• Rossia (1896), [259]
• Royal Louis, [58]
• Royal Sovereign (1783), [63]
• Royal Sovereign (1861), [146], [243]
• Royal Sovereign (1897), [247], [248], [321]
• Royal William, [94]
• Rupert, [244]
• Rurik (1894), [259]
• Rurik (1906), [259]
• Salamander (Austrian), [153]
• Salamander (Prussian), [113]
• Salamander (1832), [89]
• Salem, [311]
• Sans Pareil, [245]
• Sapphire (1874), [256]
• Scorpion, [172]
• Scourge (United States), [124]
• Sea Devil (Russian), [294]
• Seraing, [186]
• Shah, [201]
• Shannon, [61]
• Shannon (1853), [105]
• Shenandoah (Confederate), [140], [143]
• Ship of Pharaoh, [5]
• Simoom, [99]
• Skeered-o’-Nothing (United States), [324]
• Southfield, [164]
• Sovereign, [45], [49]
• Sovereign of the Seas, [55]
• Speedwell, [51]
• Star, [306]
• Stromboli, [95], [114]
• St. Vincent (1909), [317]
• Submarine A1, [296]
• Success, [76]
• Sultan, [103], [167], [173]
• Sumter (Confederate), [140]
• Superb (1875), [175], [212], [216], [243]
• Superb (1908), [317]
• Superbe (French), [58]
• Swift, [309]
• Swiftsure (Queen Elizabeth), [52]
• Tartar, [309]
• Taureau, [163], [190]
• Temeraire (1876), [174], [216], [244]
• Temeraire (1907), [317]
• Tennessee (Confederate), [134]
• Terribile (Italian), [153]
• Terrible (steam frigate), [97]
• Terrible (1895), [259]
• Terror (1854), [110]
• Texas, [224], [225], [233]
• The Pitt, [76]
• Thetis, [113]
• Thunderbolt, [233]
• Thunderer (1869), [162], [171], [176]
• Thunderer (1911), [318], [319]
• Tonnante, [109]
• Trafalgar (1886), [246], [321]
• Transporter, [298]
• Trident, [99]
• Trinity, [44]
• Trinity Royal, [43]
• Triumph (1578), [51], [52]
• Triumph (1903), [251]
• Trusty (1854), [111]
• Tryeright, [51]
• Tsushima, [263]
• Turbinia, [306]
• United States, [60]
• Valorous, [97]
• Vanguard (1512), [52]
• Vanguard (1871), [173]
• Vanguard (1909), [317]
• Vesta, [214]
• Vesuvius, [95]
• Vesuvius (United States), [224]
• Victoria (Peruvian), [198]
• Victoria (Spanish), [230]
• Victoria (1859), [116]
• Victoria (1887), [245], [246]
• Victory, [52]
• Ville de Madrid, [198]
• Ville de Paris, [62]
• Viper, [188]
• Virginia, [124]
• Vixen, [188]
• Vizcaya, [230]
• Vladimir, [106]
• Von der Tann, [253]
• Vulcan, [303]
• Wampanoag, [256]
• Warrior, [118], [147], [243]
• Warspite (1881), [258]
• Waterwitch, [186]
• Weehawken, [134]
• Weser, [113]
• Whang-Ho, [35]
• Wyvern, [172]
• Yarra, [310]
• Yorktown, [223]
• Ysabel Segunda, [96]
• Shortland Island Canoes, [31]
• Simms, Lieut.-Commander W. S., U.S.N., [237], [312], [314]
• Slaves as rowers, [11]
• Sloops, [59]
• Solomon Island Canoes, [30], [31]
• Ship of 1486-50, [41]
• Ship construction:
• Longitudinal, [120];
• transverse, [120];
• longitudinal watertight bulkheads, [171];
• brass stern and rudder post, [182];
• bracketed frames, [163];
• sunk forecastle, [163]
• (see Freeboard)
• “Ship of the Future,” [193]
• Ships with banks of oars, [7]
• Siamese native warships, [38]
• Soft-ended barbette ships, [244]
• Spanish-American War, [227] et seq.:
• American Pacific fleet, [227];
• Spanish naval force at Manila, [227];
• American and Spanish fleets compared, [228];
• Battle of Manila Bay, [228-9];
• destruction of Spanish fleet, [229];
• American Atlantic fleet, [230];
• Spanish fleet, [230];
• Admiral Cervera’s complaints, [230];
• Spanish dash from Santiago; destruction of Spanish fleet, [230-3];
• Admiral Sampson’s 4th July present to the nation, [231]
• Spanish Armada, [51]
• Spur gearing, [98], [101], [103]
• Sponsons as gun platforms, [97]
• Speed, [202], [236], [237], [238], [239], [253], [302];
• rapid firing guns and increased speed, [304];
• of destroyers, [306];
• with turbines, [308];
• objections to high speed, [308];
• Invincible and Von der Tann, [254];
• former’s speed, how obtained, [255];
• speed retarded by marine growths, [257];
• importance of, in armoured cruisers, [260];
• turbine engines, [262];
• length, beam, and speed, [263], [264]
• Stanhope, Lord, [87]
• Steam rotated circular fort, [86]
• Steel:
• adopted by United States of America, [222];
• protective deck, [146];
• supplanting iron, [179], [181];
• gradual adoption in warships, [241];
• early steel warship, [241];
• advantages over iron, [243];
• heavy armoured steel ship, [244];
• first battleships for British Navy, [244];
• single-turreted battleships, [246];
• armour 20 inches thick, [246];
• Harveyised steel armour introduced in British Navy, [248];
• Renown 10-inch armour stronger than Royal Sovereign’s 18-inch armour, [248];
• hulls, wood sheathed, [259];
• nickel steel armoured deck, [261];
• chrome, [276]
• Steering gear:
• protection, [133], [159];
• lack of protection, [153];
• first warship with steam steering gear, [123]
• Stevens’ floating battery, [83], [84];
• ironclad ram, [138]
• Stitched canoes, [30];
• planks, [21], [28]
• Stockton, Commodore R. F., [84], [128]
• Superiority of Dreadnoughts over pre-Dreadnoughts, [262]
• Swivel guns on paddle steamers, [126]
• Symonds, Captain, [173]
• Symonds, Sir W., [66]
• Submarines:
• Hindrance to great speed, [285];
• early experiments, [288-90];
• diving boat of leather, [289];
• friars as inventors, [290];
• Abbé Borelli’s experiments, [290];
• Bushnell’s American turtle, [291];
• Fulton’s Nautilus, [291];
• catamarans with floating mines, [291];
• Fulton’s Mute, [292];
• fatal experiments, [293];
• Philipp’s cigar-shaped, [293];
• first iron, [293];
• Bauer’s submarines, [293];
• he visits England and America, [293-4];
• Sea Devil sunk, [294];
• Davids show possibility of torpedo boats, [295];
• Garrett’s Resurgam, [295];
• Holland’s boats, [295-6];
• adoption by Admiralty, [296];
• Classes A to D: dimensions and engines, [297-8];
• Japan’s submarines, [298];
• steamer sunk to receive them, [298];
• steam-engine “bottled-up,” [299];
• Nordenfeldts, [299];
• first to carry Whitehead torpedo, [299];
• Turks and Nordenfeldt, [299];
• French experiments with submarines, [300];
• periscope, [300], [302];
• British submarines’ voyage: England to Hong Kong, [301];
• engines for, [301];
• “Lake” submarines, [301];
• submarine motor tour, [301];
• submersibles, [302]
• Tahitian Pahi, [30]
• Tatnall, Commodore J., [132], [134]
• Tatnall, Midshipman Joseph: examination, [221]
• Targets (see Armour, Artillery)
• Tegethoff, Admiral, [154]
• Thames Ironworks, [118], [194]
• Thorneycroft’s, [302], [306], [309]
• Ting, Chinese Admiral, [234-5]
• Togo, Admiral, [237]
• Torpedoes:
• Spar, [285], [286];
• torpedo possibilities compel recognition, [286];
• American Civil War, [286];
• Whitehead torpedo, [286];
• range and speed of modern torpedoes, [287];
• torpedo explosives, [288];
• steering by “wireless,” [288];
• cellular double bottoms as protection against, [152];
• employment at Mobile, [139];
• French experiments, [151]
• Torpedo boats:
• Destruction of Albemarle, [134];
• British and French experiments, [151];
• in Russo-Turkish War, [214];
• first British, [302];
• parent ships, [303];
• guns to repel attack by, [303-4];
• internal combustion engines, [304]
• Torpedo gunboats, [305]
• Torpedo nets, [303]
• Torpedo tubes, [177], [249]
• Trials of H.M.S. Devastation (1873), [167]
• Triple canoes, [29]
• Tryon, Admiral Sir George, [245]
• “Tumble-home,” [42]
• Turret gunboats, [193]
• Turret rams, [177]
• Turrets:
• Double-turreted ocean-going full-rigged ship, [159];
• Captain Coles’s system, [146];
• revolving, [146];
• disposition of, [146-60];
• v. broadside system, [151];
• double-turreted monitor, [151];
• Monarch and Captain, [161];
• en echelon, [244];
• oval, [277];
• pear-shaped, [174];
• Popoff’s, [180];
• leaky American, [131];
• Russian ships, [179];
• turrets on spindles, [131], [163];
• Captain Coles’s revolving rollers, [163];
• superposed turrets, [225];
• American twin turret, [225]
• Twentieth century ships, [285]
• Twin-screw steamer (1805), [81]
• Twin screws (see Propellers)
• Two-deckers, etc. (see Ratings)
• Ulysses’ ships, [1]
• Unarmoured ends (see Armour, Concentration of)
• United States’ modern navy, [219];
• “Antiquated and rotting ships,” [219];
• America unprepared for naval war, [219-20];
• Navy in 1879, [220];
• advisory board, 1881, [222];
• steel adopted, [222];
• ram Katahdin, [222];
• Congress recommendations, [222];
• first vessels of new navy, [223];
• Europe’s amused interest, [223];
• 16-knot vessels, Europe’s profound interest, [223];
• the White Squadron, [223];
• Charleston’s chase of filibusterer Itata, [224];
• second-class battleship Texas, [224];
• Maine, [224];
• dynamite gunship, [224];
• first armoured steel torpedo boat, [224];
• first modern United States built cruiser, [224];
• imported armour, [225];
• superimposed turrets, [225];
• Maine blown up, [226];
• Oregon’s wonderful steaming feat, [226];
• inventiveness, [225]
• (see also Spanish-American War)
• Upper-deck battery, [173]
• Vickers, Sons and Maxim, Ltd., [259], [281]
• Vikings, [16]
• Waling pieces, [10]
• War junks with paddle wheels, [35]
• Warendorff, Baron, Sweden, [265]
• Warships built in private yards, [61], [62]
• Warships of the Crimea and Baltic, [105], [106], [115]
• Watertight compartments, [121]
• West Indiamen, [77]
• When to shoot, [73]
• White (Cowes), [309]
• Whitehead torpedoes, [213]
• Whitworth, Sir Joseph, [267], [276]
• Windward position (first manœuvre for), [19]
• Winslow, Capt., [141]
• Wooden walls’ last battles, [64], [139]
• Wooden warships converted into ironclads, [146], [147]
• Will war be impossible?, [268]
• William the Conqueror’s ships, [18]
• Yarrow, [303], [306]
• Yellow, metal, [268]
• Zalinski, Lieut., U.S.N., [224]
• Zédé, Gustave, [300]

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Printed by Cassell & Company, Limited, La Belle Sauvage, London, E.C.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Evelyn’s Memoirs.

[2] Bohn’s Library.

[3] “Life in Ancient Egypt,” by Adolf Erman.

[4] “A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs,” by Dr. H. Brugsch Bey.

[5] “Nile Gleanings,” by Villiers Stuart.

[6] “Life in Ancient Egypt,” by Adolf Erman.