The principle of this confusion may be discovered by considering that an object to be blamed, is an object for some one to blame, an object to be loved is an object for some one to love.
[§ 495]. I am beaten.—This is a present combination, and it is present on the strength of the verb am, not on the strength of the participle beaten, which is præterite.
The following table exhibits the expedients on the part of the different languages of the Gothic stock,
since the loss of the proper passive form of the Mœso-Gothic.
| Language | Latin datur, | Latin datus est. |
| Mœso-Gothic | gibada, | ist, vas, varth gibans. |
| Old High German | ist, wirdit kepan, | was, warth kepan. |
| Notker | wirt keben, | ist keben. |
| Middle High German | wirt geben, | ist geben. |
| New High German | wird gegeben, | ist gegeben worden. |
| Old Saxon | is, wirtheth gebhan, | was, warth gebhan. |
| Middle Dutch | es blïft ghegheven, | waert, blêf ghegeven. |
| New Dutch | wordt gegeven, | es gegeven worden. |
| Old Frisian | werth ejeven, | is ejeven. |
| Anglo-Saxon | weorded gifen, | is gifen. |
| English | is given, | has been given. |
| Old Norse | er gefinn, | hefr verit gefinn. |
| Swedish | gifves, | har varit gifven. |
| Danish | bliver, vorder given, | har varet given. |
| "Deutsche Grammatik, iv. 19." | ||
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.
[§ 496]. The syntax of the adverb is simpler than that of any other part of speech, excepting, perhaps, that of the adjective.