This shows that it differs notably from the Tshokoyem; the personal pronouns, however, being alike. Again, the word for man = l-aman-tiya in the San Rafael. On the other hand, it has certain Cushna affinities.
Upon the whole, however, the affinities seem to run in the direction of the languages of the next group, especially in that of the Ruslen:—
- I = kah-nah, Cost. = ka = mine, Ruslen.
- Thou = me-ne, Cost. = mé = thine, Ruslen.
- Sun = ishmen, Cost. = ishmen = light, Ruslen.
- Water = sii, Cost. = ziy, Ruslen.
- (?) Boy = shinishmuk, Cost. = enshinsh, Ruslen.
- (?) Girl = katra, Cost. = kaana, Ruslen.
Lest these last three coincidences seem far-fetched, it should be remembered that the phonesis in these languages is very difficult, and that the Ruslen orthography is Spanish, the Costano being English. Add to this, there is every appearance, in the San Miguel and other vocabularies, of the r being something more than the r in brand, &c. every appearance of its being some guttural or palatal, which may, by a variation of orthography, be spelt by l.
Finally, I remark that the-ma in the Costano ratich-ma = woman, is, probably, the-me in the Soledad mue (= man) and shurish-me (= woman), and the amk (ank) of the Ruslen muguy-amk (= man) and latrayam-ank (= woman); (?) latraya = ratich. Nevertheless, for the present I place the Costano by itself, as a transitional form of speech to the languages spoken north, east, and south of the Bay of San Francisco.
X. The Mariposa Languages.—In the north of Mariposa county, and not far south of the Tuolumne area, the language seems changed, and the Coconoons is spoken by some bands on the Mercede River, under a chief named Nuella. They are said to be the remnants of three distinct bands each, with its own distinct language.
| English. | Coconoons. | Tulare. |
|---|---|---|
| head | oto | utno. |
| hair | tolus | celis. |
| ear | took | took. |
| nose | thedick | tuneck. |
| mouth | sammack | shemmak. |
| tongue | talcotch | talkat. |
| tooth | talee | talee. |
| sun | suyou | oop. |
| moon | offaum | taahmemna. |
| star | tchietas | sahel. |
| day | hial | tahoh[39]. |
| fire | sottol | ossel. |
| water | illeck | illick. |
XI. The Salinas Group.—This is a name which I propose for a group of considerable compass; and one which contains more than one mutually unintelligible form of speech. It is taken from the river Salinas, the drainage of which lies in the counties of Monterey and San Luis Obispo. The southern boundary of Santa Cruz lies but a little to the north of its mouth.
The Gioloco may possibly belong to this group, notwithstanding its reference to the Mission of San Francisco. The alla, and mut-(in mut-ryocusé), may = the ahay and i-mit-a (sky) of the Eslen.
The Ruslen has already been mentioned, and that in respect to its relations to the Costano. It belongs to this group.