3. The existence of a genitive plural in -r or -ra; heora, theirs; aller, of all;—ditto. This with substantives and adjectives is less common.
4. The substitution of heo for they, of heora for their, of hem for them;—in contradistinction to the later stages of English, and in contradistinction to old Lowland Scotch. (See Chapter III.)
5. A more frequent use of min and thin, for my and thy;—in contradistinction to middle and modern English.
6. The use of heo for she;—in contradistinction to middle and modern English and old Lowland Scotch.
7. The use of broader vowels; as in iclepud or iclepod (for icleped or yclept); geongost, youngest; ascode, asked; eldore, elder.
8. The use of the strong preterits (see the chapter on the tenses of verbs), where in the present English the weak form is found; wex, wop, dalf, for waxed, wept, delved.
9. The omission not only of the gerundial termination -enne, but also of the infinitive sign -en after to; to honte, to speke;—in contradistinction to Semi-Saxon.
10. The substitution of -en for -eþ or -eð in the first and second persons plural of verbs; we wollen, we will: heo schullen, they should;—ditto.
11. The comparative absence of the articles se and seo;—ditto.