2. That, with the exception of bat and slat, it is changed into o in the singular and into ĭ in the plural forms.
3. That, with the exception of shone, the o is always long (or independent).
4. That, even with the word shone, the o was originally long. This is known from the final -e mute, and from the Anglo-Saxon form scéan; Mœso-Gothic, skáin; Old Norse, skein.
5. That the o, in English, represents an á in Anglo-Saxon.
6. That the statement last made shows that even bat and slat were once in the same condition with arose and smote, the Anglo-Saxon forms being arás, smát, bát, slát.
Twelfth Class.
[§ 375]. In this class i is generally short; originally it was always so. In the singular form it becomes ă, in the plural, ŭ.
| Present. | Præt.—Sing. form. | Præt.—Pl. form. |
| Swim | Swam | Swum. |
| Begin | Began | Begun. |
| Spin | [[52]]Span | Spun. |
| Win | [[52]]Wan | [[53]]Won. |
| Sing | Sang | Sung. |
| Swing | [[52]]Swang | Swung. |
| Spring | Sprang | Sprung. |
| Sting | [[52]]Stang | Stung. |
| Ring | Rang | Rung. |
| Wring | [[52]]Wrang | Wrung. |
| Fling | Flang | Flung. |
| Cling | — | Clung. |
| [[52]]Hing | Hang | Hung. |
| String | [[52]]Strang | Strung. |
| Sling | — | Slung. |
| Sink | Sank | Sunk. |
| Drink | Drank | Drunk. |
| Shrink | Shrank | Shrunk. |
| Stink | [[52]]Stank | Stunk. |
| Swink | — | — |
| Slink | — | Slunk. |
| Swell | Swoll | — |
| Melt | [[54]]Molt | — |
| Help | [[54]]Holp | — |
| Delve | [[54]]Dolv | — |
| Dig | — | Dug. |
| Stick | [[54]]Stack | Stuck. |
| Run | Ran | Run. |
| Burst | — | Burst. |
| Bind | Band | Bound. |
| Find | [[54]]Fand | Found. |
| Grind | — | Ground. |
| Wind | — | Wound. |
Upon this list we make the following observations and statements:—
1. That, with the exceptions of bind, find, grind, and wind, the vowels are short (or dependent) throughout.