3. The idea of motion from a place.

This habit gives us three correlative adverbs—one of position, and two of direction.

[§ 436]. It is also a common practice of language to depart from the original expression of each particular idea, and to interchange the signs by which they are expressed.

[§ 437]. This may be seen in the following table, illustrative of the forms here, hither, hence, and taken from the Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199.

Mœso-Gothic þar, þaþ, þaþro, there, thither, thence.
hêr, hiþ, hidrô, here, hither, hence.
Old High German huâr, huara, huanana, where, whither, whence.
dâr, dara, danana, there, thither, thence.
hear, hêra, hinana, here, hither, hence.
Old Saxon huar, huar, huanan, where, whither, whence.
thar, thar, thanan, there, thither, thence.
hêr, hër, hënan, here, hither, hence.
Anglo-Saxon þar, þider, þonan, there, thither, thence.
hvar, hvider, hvonan, where, whither, whence.
hêr, hider, hënan, here, hither, hence.
Old Norse þar, þaðra, þaðan, there, thither, thence.
hvar, hvert, hvaðan, where, whither, whence.
hêr, hëðra, hëðan, here, hither, hence.
Middle High German dâ, dan,dannen, there, thither, thence.
wâ, war, wannen, where, whither, whence.
hie, hër, hennen, here, hither, hence.
Modern High German da, dar, dannen, there, thither, thence.
wo, wohin, wannen, where, whither, whence.
hier, her, hinnen, here, hither, hence.

[§ 438]. These local terminations were commoner in the earlier stages of language than at present. The following are from the Mœso-Gothic:—

Ïnnaþrô =from within.
Ūtaþrô =from without.
Ïnnaþrô =from above.
Fáirraþrô =from afar.
Allaþrô =from all quarters.

Now a reason for the comparative frequency of these forms in Mœso-Gothic lies in the fact of the Gospel of Ulphilas being a translation from the Greek. The Greek forms in -θεν, ἔσωθεν, ἔξωθεν, ἄνωθεν, πόῤῥωθεν, πάντοθεν, were just the forms to encourage such a formation as that in -þro.—Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199, &c.

[§ 439]. The -ce (=es) in hen-ce, when-ce, then-ce, has yet to be satisfactorily explained. The Old English is whenn-es, thenn-es. As far, therefore, as the spelling is concerned, they are in the same predicament with the word once, which is properly on-es, the genitive of one. This statement, however, explains only the peculiarity of their orthography; since it by no means follows, that, because the -s in ones and the -s in whennes, thennes are equally replaced by -ce in orthography, they must equally have the same origin in etymology.

[§ 440]. Yonder.—In the Mœso-Gothic we have the following forms: jáinar, jáina, jáinþrô=illic, illuc, illinc. They do not, however, explain the form yon-d-er. It is not clear whether the d=the -d in jâind, or the þ in jáinþro.