CONTENTS.

PART I.
GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—DATE.
SECTION PAGE
[1]. English not originally British [1]
[2]. Germanic in origin [2]
[3]-[10]. Accredited details of the different immigrations from Germany
into Britain 		[2]-4
[10]-[12]. Accredited relations of the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons to each
other as Germans 		[4]
[13]. Criticism of evidence [5]
Extract from Mr. Kemble [6]
[14]. Inference [9]
CHAPTER II.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—THE IMMIGRANT TRIBES
AND THEIR RELATION TO EACH OTHER.
[15]-[20]. The Jute immigration doubtful [10]-12
[22]. Difficulties in identifying the Saxons [13]
[23]. Difficulties in identifying the Angles [13]
[25]-[29]. Populations with the greatest à priori likelihood of having
immigrated 		[14], 15
[26]. Menapians [15]
[27]. Batavians [15]
[28]. Frisians [15]
[29]. Chauci [15]
[30]. Inference [16]
[31]-[34]. Saxons and Nordalbingians [16], 17
[35]-[50]. Populations, whereof the continental relation help us in fixing
the original country of the Angles and Saxons 		[17]-21
[36]. Germans of the Middle Rhine [17]
Franks [18]
Salians [18]
Chamavi [18]
[37]. Thuringians [18]
[38]. Catti [18]
[39]. Geographical conditions of the Saxon Area [18]
[40]. Its Eastern limit [19]
[41]-[50]. Slavonian frontier [20], 21
[41]. ,, Polabi [20]
[42]. ,, Wagrians [20]
[43]. ,, Obotriti [20]
[44]. ,, Lini [20]
[45]. ,, Warnabi [21]
[46]. ,, Morizani [21]
[47]. ,, Doxani [21]
[48]. ,, Hevelli [21]
[49]. ,, Slavonians of Altmark [21]
[50]. ,, Sorabians [21]
[51]. Saxon area [21]
CHAPTER III.
OF THE DIALECTS OF THE SAXON AREA AND OF THE SO-CALLED OLDSAXON.
[52], [53]. Extent and frontier [23]
[54]-[62]. Anglo-Saxon and Old Saxon [23]-25
[63]. Old-Saxon data [25]
[64]. Specimen [26]
CHAPTER IV.
AFFINITIES OF THE ENGLISH WITH THE LANGUAGES OF GERMANY ANDSCANDINAVIA.
[65]. General affinities of the English language [28]
[67]. The term Gothic [28]
[69]. Scandinavian branch [28]
[70]. Teutonic branch [31]
[71]. Mœso-Gothic [31]
[73]. Origin of the Mœso-Goths [32]
[76]. Name not Germanic [33]
[77]. Old High German [35]
[78]. Low Germanic division [36]
[79]. Frisian [36]
[81]. Old Frisian [37]
[82]. Platt-Deutsch [38]
[83]. Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic compound [38]
[84]. Scandinavian article [40]
[88]. Scandinavian verb [44]
[91]. Declension in -n [45]
[92]. Difference between languages of the same division [46]
[93]. Weak and strong nouns [46]
Mœso-Gothic inflections [47]
[94]. Old Frisian and Anglo-Saxon [50]
[98]. The term German [56]
[99]. The term Dutch [57]
[100]. The term Teutonic [58]
[101]. The term Anglo-Saxon [59]
[102]. Icelandic, Old Norse [59]
CHAPTER V.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—GERMANIC ELEMENTS.
[106]. The Angles [62]
[109]. Extract from Tacitus [63]
,, Ptolemy [63]
[110]. Extracts connecting them with the inhabitants of the Cimbric Chersonesus [64]
[111]. The district called Angle [65]
[113]. Inferences and remarks [65]
[114]. What were the Langobardi with whom the Angles were connected
by Tacitus? 		[66]
[115]. What were the Suevi, &c. [66]
[116]. What were the Werini, &c. [67]
[117]. What were the Thuringians, &c. [67]
[121]. Difficulties respecting the Angles [68]
[123]-[128]. Patronymic forms, and the criticism based on them [68]-72
[129]-[131]. Probably German immigrants not Anglo-Saxon [72], 73
CHAPTER VI.
THE CELTIC STOCK OF LANGUAGES, AND THEIR RELATIONS TO THEENGLISH.
[132]. Cambrian Celtic [74]
[133]. Gaelic Celtic [77]
[136]. Structure of Celtic tongues [79]-83
[138]. The Celtic of Gaul [84]
[139]. The Pictish [84]
CHAPTER VII.
THE ANGLO-NORMAN AND THE LANGUAGES OF THE CLASSICAL STOCK.
[140]. The Classical languages [86]
[141]. Extension of the Roman language [86]
[142]. The divisions [87]
Specimen of the Romanese [88]
Specimen of the Wallachian [88]
[143]. French dialects [89]
Oath of Ludwig [90]
[144]. Norman-French [91]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE POSITION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS INDO-EUROPEAN.
[147]. The term Indo-European [94]
[148]. Is the Celtic Indo-European? [95]
————
PART II.
HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
[149]. Celtic elements [97]
[150]. Latin of the First Period [98]
[151]. Anglo-Saxon [98]
[152]. Danish or Norse [98]
[153]. Roman of the Second Period [100]
[154]. Anglo-Norman [101]
[155]. Indirect Scandinavian [101]
[156]. Latin of the Third Period [101]
[157]. Greek elements [102]
[158]. Classical elements [102]
[159]. Latin words [103]
[160]. Greek elements [104]
[161], [162]. Miscellaneous elements [105]
[163], [164]. Direct and ultimate origin of words [106], 107
[165]. Distinction [107]
[166]-[168]. Words of foreign simulating a vernacular origin [107]-109
[169]-[171]. Hybridism [109], 110
[172]. Incompletion of radical [110]
[173]. Historical and logical analysis [111]
CHAPTER II.
THE RELATION OF THE ENGLISH TO THE ANGLO-SAXON AND THE STAGES
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
[174]. Ancient and modern languages [112]
[175]. English and Anglo-Saxon compared [113]
[176]. Semi-Saxon stage [117]
[177]-[179]. Old English stage [119], 122
[180]. Middle English [122]
[181]. Present tendencies of the English [123]
[182]. Speculative question [123]
CHAPTER III.
THE LOWLAND SCOTCH.
[183]-[188]. Lowland Scotch [124]-127
[189]. Extracts [127]
[190]. Points of difference with the English [130]
CHAPTER IV.
ON CERTAIN UNDETERMINED AND FICTITIOUS LANGUAGES OF GREATBRITAIN.
[191], [192]. The Belgæ [132]-135
[193]. Caledonians, Iberians [135]
[194]. Supposed affinities of the Irish [135]
Extract from Plautus [136]
[195]. Hypothesis of a Finnic race [139]
————
PART III.
SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL NATURE OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
[196]. Preliminary remarks [141]
[197]. Vowels and consonants [143]
[198]. Divisions of articulate sounds [143]
[199]. Explanation of terms [143]
Sharp and flat [143]
Continuous and explosive [144]
[200]. General statements [144]
[201]. H no articulation [144]
CHAPTER II.
SYSTEM OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
[202]. System of vowels [145]
é fermé, ó chiuso, ü German [145]
[203]. System of mutes [145]
Lenes and aspirates [146]
[204]. Affinities of the liquids [147]
[205]. Diphthongs [147]
[206]. Compound sibilants [148]
[207]. Ng [148]
[208]-[210]. Further explanation of terms [148]-150
[211]. System of vowels [150]
[212]. System of mutes [150]
[213]. Varieties [150]
[214]. Connection in phonetics [151]
CHAPTER III.
ON CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
[215]. Unpronounceable combinations [152]
[216]. Unstable combinations [153]
[217]. Effect of y [153]
[218], [219]. Evolution of new sounds [153], 154
[220]. Value of a sufficient system of sounds [154]
[221]. Double consonants rare [154]
[222]. Reduplications of consonants rare [155]
[223]. True aspirates rare [155]
CHAPTER IV.
EUPHONY; THE PERMUTATION AND TRANSITION OF LETTERS.
[224]. Euphonic change exhibited [157]
[225]. The rationale of it [157]
[226]. The combinations -mt, -nt [158]
[227]. The combination -pth [158]
[228]. Accommodation of vowels [158]
[229]. Permutation of letters [159]
[230]. Transition of letters [160]
CHAPTER V.
ON THE FORMATION OF SYLLABLES.
[231]. Distribution of consonants between two syllables [161]
CHAPTER VI.
ON QUANTITY.
[232]. Long and short [164]
[233]. How far coincident with independent and dependent [164]
[234]. Length of vowels and length of syllables [165]
CHAPTER VII.
ON ACCENT.
[235]. Accent [167]
[236]. How far accent always on the root [168]
[237]. Verbal accent and logical accent [168]
[238]. Effect of accent on orthography [169]
[239]. Accent and quantity not the same [170]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOEPY.
[240]. Meaning of the word orthoepy [172]
[241]. Classification of errors in pronunciation [172]
[242]-[244]. Causes of erroneous enunciation [172]-175
[245]. Appreciation of standards of orthoepy [175]
[246]. Principles of critical orthoepy [176]
CHAPTER IX.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY.
[247]. Province of orthography [178]
[248]. Imperfections of alphabets [178]
[249]. Applications of alphabets [180]
[250]. Changes of sound, and original false spelling [181]
[251]. Theory of a perfect alphabet [181]
[252]. Sounds and letters in English [182]
[253]. Certain conventional modes of spelling [187]
[254]. The inconvenience of them [189]
[255]. Criticism upon the details of the English orthography [189]-200
CHAPTER X.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET.
[256]. Bearings of the question [200]
[257]. Phœnician Period [200]
[258], [259]. Greek Period [201]-203
[260]-[262]. Latin Period [203]-205
[263]. The Mœso-Gothic alphabet [205]
[264]. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet [205]
[265]. The Anglo-Norman Period [207]
[266]. Extract from the Ormulum [208]
[267]. The Runes [209]
[268]. The order of the alphabet [210]
[269]. Parallel and equivalent orthographies [213]
————
PART IV.
ETYMOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE PROVINCE OF ETYMOLOGY.
[270]. Meaning of the term etymology [214]
CHAPTER II.
ON GENDER.
[271]. Latin genders [217]
[272]. Words like he-goat [217]
[273]. Words like genitrix [217]
[274]. Words like domina [218]
[275]. Sex [219]
[276]. True Genders in English [219]
[277]. Neuters in -t [220]
[278]. Personification [220]
[279]. True and apparent genders [221]
CHAPTER III.
THE NUMBERS.
[280], [281]. Dual number [225]
[282]-[284]. Plural in -s [226]-230
[285]. The form in child-r-en [230]
[286]. The form in -en [232]
[287]. Men, feet, &c. [232]
[288]. Brethren, &c. [232]
CHAPTER IV.
ON THE CASES.
[289], [290]. Meaning of word case [234]
[291]. Cases in English [237]
[292], [293]. Determination of cases [239]
[294], [295]. Analysis of cases [241]
[296]. Case in -s [241]
CHAPTER V.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
[297]. True personal pronoun [243]
[298]. We and me [244]
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE TRUE REFLECTIVE PRONOUN IN THE GOTHIC LANGUAGES AND ON
ITS ABSENCE IN THE ENGLISH.
[299]. The Latin se, sui [247]
CHAPTER VII.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, ETC.
[300]. He, she, it, this, that, the [249]
[301]. These [251]
[302]. Those [253]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND CERTAIN OTHER PRONOUNS.
[303]. Who, what, &c. [255]
[304]. Indo-European forms [255]
[305]. Miscellaneous observations [256]
CHAPTER IX.
ON CERTAIN FORMS IN -ER.
[306], [307]. Eith-er, ov-er, und-er, bett-er [260], 261
[308]. Illustration from the Laplandic [261]
[309]. Idea of alternative [262]
CHAPTER X.
THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE.
[310]. Forms in -tara and -îyas [263]
[311]. Change from -s to -r [263]
[312]. Mœso-Gothic comparative [264]
[313]. Comparison of adverbs [264]
[314]. Elder [265]
[315]. Rather [265]
[316]. Excess of expression [266]
[317]. Better, &c. [266]
[318]. Sequence in logic [266]
[319]-[325]. Worse, &c. [267]-270
CHAPTER XI.
ON THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE.
[326]. Different modes of expression [271]
[327]. The termination -st [272]
CHAPTER XII.
THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.
[328], [329]. Their ethnological value [273]
Variations in form [274]
10+2 and 10×2 [275]
[330]. Limits to the inflection of the numeral [276]
CHAPTER XIII.
ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.
[331]. First [277]
[332]. Second [277]
[333]. Third, fourth, &c. [278]
[334], [335]. Ordinal and superlative forms [278]-280
CHAPTER XIV.
THE ARTICLES.
[336]. A, the, no [281]
CHAPTER XV.
DIMINUTIVES, AUGMENTATIVES, AND PATRONYMICS.
[337], [338]. Diminutives [283]
[339]. Augmentatives [285]
[340]. Patronymics [286]
CHAPTER XVI.
GENTILE FORMS.
[341]. Wales [288]
CHAPTER XVII.
ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NOUN AND VERB, AND ON THE
INFLECTION OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.
[342]-[344]. Substantival character of verbs [289]
[345], [346]. Declension of the infinitive [290]
CHAPTER XVIII.
ON DERIVED VERBS.
[347]. Rise, raise, &c. [292]
CHAPTER XIX.
ON THE PERSONS.
[348]-[351]. Persons in English [294]-298
[352]. Person in -t, -art, &c. [298]
[353]. Forms like spakest, sungest, &c. [299]
[354]. Plurals in -s [299]
CHAPTER XX.
ON THE NUMBERS OF VERBS.
[355]. Personal signs of numbers [300]
Run, ran [301]
CHAPTER XXI.
ON MOODS.
[356]. The infinitive mood [302]
[357]. The imperative mood [302]
[358]. The subjunctive mood [302]
CHAPTER XXII.
OF TENSES IN GENERAL.
[359]. General nature of tenses [303]
[360]. Latin preterites [304]
[361]. Mœso-Gothic perfects [304]
Reduplication [305]
[362]. Strong and weak verbs [305]
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE STRONG TENSES.
[363]. Sang, sung [307]
[364]-[376]. Classification of strong verbs [308]-316
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE WEAK TENSES.
[377]. The weak inflection [317]
[378]. First division [318]
[379]. Second division [318]
[380]. Third division [319]
[381]. Preterites in -ed and -t [319]
[382]. Preterites like made, had [321]-327
Would, should [322]
Aught [322]
Durst [322]
Must [323]
Wist [324]
Do [325]
Mind [325]
Yode [327]
CHAPTER XXV.
ON CONJUGATIONS.
[383]. So-called irregularities [328]
[384]. Principles of criticism [329]
Coincidence of form [329]
Coincidence of distribution [329]
Coincidence of order [329]
[385]. Strong verbs once weak [332]
[386]. Division of verbs into strong and weak natural [333]
[387]. Obsolete forms [334]
[388]. Double forms [334]
CHAPTER XXVI.
DEFECTIVENESS AND IRREGULARITY.
[389]. Difference between defectiveness and irregularity [335]
Vital and obsolete processes [336]
Processes of necessity [337]
Ordinary processes [338]
Positive processes [338]
Processes of confusion [339]
[390]. Could [339]
[391]. Quoth [340]
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE IMPERSONAL VERBS.
[392]-[394]. Meseems, methinks, me listeth [342]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE.
[395]. The verb substantive defective [344]
[396]. Was [344]
[397]. Be [344]
[398], [399]. Future power of be [345]
[400]. Am [346]
Worth [347]
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
[401]. The form in -ing [348]
[402]. Substantival power of participle [349]
[403]. Taylor's theory [349]
CHAPTER XXX.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE.
[404]-[406]. Similarity to the preterite [351]
[407]. Forlorn, frore [352]
[408]. The form in -ed, -d, or -t [352]
[409]. The y- in y-cleped, &c. [353]
CHAPTER XXXI.
ON COMPOSITION.
[410]-[414]. Definition of composition [355]-357
[415]-[417]. Parity of accent [358]
[418]. Obscure compounds [361]
[419]. Exceptions [362]
[420]. Peacock, peahen, &c. [364]
[421]. Third element in compound words [365]
[422]. Improper compounds [365]
[423]. Decomposites [365]
[424]. Combinations [366]
CHAPTER XXXII.
ON DERIVATION AND INFLECTION.
[425]. Derivation [367]
[426]. Classification of derived words [368]
[427]. Words like ábsent and absént, &c. [369]
[428]. Words like churl, tail, &c. [370]
[429]. Forms like tip and top, &c. [370]
[430]. Obscure derivatives [370]
CHAPTER XXXIII.
ADVERBS.
[431]. Classification of adverbs [371]
[432]. Adverbs of deflection [372]
[433]. Words like darkling [373]
[434]. Words like brightly [374]
CHAPTER XXXIV.
ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE.
[435]-[439]. Here, hither, hence [374]
[440]. Yonder [375]
Anon [375]
CHAPTER XXXV.
ON WHEN, THEN, AND THAN.
[441]. Origin of the words [377]
CHAPTER XXXVI.
ON PREPOSITIONS, ETC.
[442]. Prepositions [378]
[443]. Conjunctions [378]
[444]. Yes and no [379]
[445]. Particles [379]
CHAPTER XXXVII.
ON THE GRAMMATICAL POSITION OF THE WORDS MINE AND THINE.
[446]. Peculiarities of inflection of pronouns [380]
[447]. Powers of the genitive case [381]
[448]. Ideas of possession and partition [382]
[449]. Adjectival expressions [382]
[450]. Evolution of cases [383]
[451]. Idea of possession [383]
[452]. Idea of partition [383]
[453]. A posteriori argument [384]
[454]-[458]. Analogy of mei and ἐμοῦ [384]
[459]. Etymological evidence [386]
[460]. Syntactic evidence [387]
[461]. Value of the evidence of certain constructions [387]
[462], [463]. Double adjectival form [388]
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE WEAK PRÆTERITE.
[464]. Forms like salb-ôdêdum [390]
[465], [466]. The Slavonic præterite [391]
————
PART V.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER I.
ON SYNTAX IN GENERAL.
[467]. The term syntax [392]
[468]. What is not syntax [392]
[469]. What is syntax [394]
[470]. Pure syntax [395]
[471], [472]. Mixed syntax [395]
[473]. Figures of speech [395]
[474]. Personification [395]
[475]. Ellipsis [395]
[476]. Pleonasm [395]
[477]. Zeugma [397]
[478]. Πρὸς τὸ σημαινόμενον [397]
[479]. Apposition [398]
[480]. Collective nouns [398]
[481], [482]. Complex forms [399]
[483]. Convertibility [399]
[484]. Etymological convertibility [400]
[485]. Syntactic convertibility [400]
[486]. Adjectives used as substantives [400]
[487]. Uninflected parts of speech used as such [400]
[488]. Convertibility common in English [401]
CHAPTER II.
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.
[489]. Convertibility [402]
[490]. Ellipsis [403]
[491]. Proper names [403]
CHAPTER III.
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
[492]. Pleonasm [404]
[493]. Collocation [404]
[494]. Government [404]
[495]. More fruitful, &c. [405]
[496]. The better of the two [405]
[497]. Syntax of adjectives simple [406]
CHAPTER IV.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
[498], [499]. Syntax of pronouns important [407]
[500], [501]. Pleonasm [407]
CHAPTER V.
THE TRUE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
[502]. Pronomen reverentiæ [409]
[503]. You and ye [409]
[504]. Dativus ethicus [409]
[505]. Reflected personal pronouns [410]
[506]. Reflective neuter verbs [410]
[507]. Equivocal reflectives [411]
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, AND ON THE
PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON.
[508]. True demonstrative pronoun [412]
[509]. His mother, her father [412]
[510], [511]. Use of its [412]
[512]. Take them things away [413]
[513], [514]. Hic and ille, this and that [413]
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORD SELF.
[515]. Government, apposition, composition [416]
[516]. Her-self, itself [416]
[517]. Self and one [417]
[518], [519]. Inflection of self [418]
CHAPTER VIII.
ON THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
[520], [521]. My and mine, &c. [419]
CHAPTER IX.
THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
[522]-[524]. That, which, what [422]
[525]. The man as rides to market [423]
[526], [527]. Plural use of whose [423]
[528], [529]. Concord of relative and antecedent [423]
[530]. Ellipsis of the relative [424]
[531]. Relative equivalent to demonstrative pronoun [425]
Demonstrative equivalent to substantive [425]
[532]. Omission of antecedent [426]
[533]. Χρῶμαι βιβλίοις οἷς ἔχω [426]
[534]. Relatives with complex antecedents [427]
CHAPTER X.
ON THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
[535]. Direct and oblique interrogations [428]
[536]-[539]. Whom do they say that it is? [428]-430
CHAPTER XI.
THE RECIPROCAL CONSTRUCTION.
[540], [541]. Structure of reciprocal expressions [431]
CHAPTER XII.
THE INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS.
[542]. On dit=one says [433]
[543]-[546]. It and there [433]
Es sind [434]
CHAPTER XIII.
THE ARTICLES.
[547]. Repetition of article [435]
CHAPTER XIV.
THE NUMERALS.
[548]. The thousand-and-first [436]
[549]. The first two and two first [436]
CHAPTER XV.
ON VERBS IN GENERAL.
[550]. Transitive verbs [437]
[551]. Auxiliary verbs [438]
[552]. Verb substantive [438]
CHAPTER XVI.
THE CONCORD OF VERBS.
[553]-[556]. Concord of person [439]
[557]. Plural subjects with singular predicates [443]
Singular subjects with plural predicates [443]
CHAPTER XVII.
ON THE GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.
[558], [559]. Objective and modal government [444]
[560]. Appositional construction [445]
[561]. Verb and genitive case [448]
[562]. Verb and accusative case [448]
[563]. The partitive construction [448]
[564]. I believe it to be him [448]
[565]. φημὶ εἶναι δεσπότης [449]
[566]. It is believed to be [449]
CHAPTER XVIII.
ON THE PARTICIPLES.
[567]. Dying-day [451]
[568]. I am beaten [451]
CHAPTER XIX.
ON THE MOODS.
[569]. The infinitive mood [452]
[570]. Objective construction [452]
[570]. Gerundial construction [453]
[571]. Peculiarities of imperatives [454]
[572]. Syntax of subjunctives [454]
CHAPTER XX.
ON THE TENSES.
[573]. Present form habitual [455]
[574]. Præterite form aorist [455]
CHAPTER XXI.
SYNTAX OF THE PERSONS OF VERBS.
[575], [576]. I, or he am (is) wrong [456]
CHAPTER XXII.
ON THE VOICES OF VERBS.
[577]. The word hight [458]
CHAPTER XXIII.
ON THE AUXILIARY VERBS.
[578]. Classification [459]
[579]. Time and tense [461]
Present [461]
Aorist [461]
Future [461]
Imperfect [462]
Perfect [462]
Pluperfect [462]
Future present [462]
Future præterite [462]
Emphatic tenses [463]
Predictive future [463]
Promissive future [463]
[580]. Historic present [463]
[581]. Use of perfect for present [464]
[582], [583]. Varieties of tense [465]
Continuance [465]
Habit [466]
[584]. Inference of continuance [466]
Inference of contrast [467]
[585]. Have with a participle [467]
[586]. I am to speak [469]
[587]. I am to blame [469]
[588]. Shall and will [469]
[589]. Archdeacon Hare's theory [470]
[590]. Mr. De Morgan's theory [472]
[591]. I am beaten [474]
[592], [593]. Present use of ought, &c. [475]
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.
[594]. The syntax of adverbs simple [477]
[595]. Full for fully, &c. [477]
[596]. The termination -ly [477]
[597]. To sleep the sleep of the righteous [478]
[598]. From whence, &c. [478]
CHAPTER XXV.
ON PREPOSITIONS.
[599]. All prepositions govern cases [479]
[600], [601]. None, in English, govern genitives [479]
[602]. Dative case after prepositions [481]
[603]. From to die [481]
[604]. For to go [481]
[605]. No prepositions in composition [481]
CHAPTER XXVI.
ON CONJUNCTIONS.
[606]. Syntax of conjunctions [482]
[607]. Convertibility of conjunctions [482]
[608]. Connexion of prepositions [483]
[609], [610]. Relatives and conjunctions [484]
[611]. Government of mood [485]
[612]. Conditional propositions [486]
[613]. Variations of meaning [486]
[614]. If and since [487]
[615]. Use of that [487]
[616]. Succession of tenses [488]
Succession of moods [489]
[617]. Greek constructions [489]
[618]. Be for may be [491]
[619]. Disjunctives [491]
[620]-[623]. Either, neither [492]
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE SYNTAX OF THE NEGATIVE.
[624]. Position of the negative [495]
[625]. Distribution of the negative [495]
[626]. Double negative [496]
[627]. Questions of appeal [496]
[628]. Extract from Sir Thomas More [496]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
OF THE CASE ABSOLUTE.
[629]. He excepted, him excepted [498]
————
PART VI.
PROSODY.
[630]-[632]. Metre [499]
[633]. Classical metres measured by quantities [500]
[634]. English metre measured by accents [500]
[635]. Alliteration [500]
[636]. Rhyme [501]
[637]. Definition of Rhyme [503]
[638]. Measures [503]
[639]. Dissyllabic and trisyllabic [503]
[640]. Dissyllabic measures [504]
[641]. Trisyllabic measures [504]
[642]. Measures different from feet [505]
[643]. Couplets, stanzas, &c. [506]
[644], [645]. Names of elementary metres [507], 508
[646]. Scansion [509]
[647]. Symmetrical metres [509]
[648]. Unsymmetrical metres [510]
[649]. Measures of one and of four syllables [510]
[650]. Contrast between English words and English metre [510]
[651]-[653]. The classical metres as read by Englishmen [511], 512
[654]-[657]. Reasons against the classical nomenclature as applied to
English metres 		[513]-515
[658]-[661]. The classical metres metrical to English readers—why [515]-517
[662]. Symmetrical metres [517]
[663]. Unsymmetrical metres [517]
[664]. Classical metres unsymmetrical [518]
[665]-[667]. Conversion of English into classical metres [519], 520
[668], [669]. Cæsura [520], 521
[670]-[672]. English hexameters, &c. [522]-526
[673]. Convertible metres [526]
[674]. Metrical and grammatical combinations [527]
[675]. Rhythm [528]
[676], [677]. Rhyme—its parts [529]
————
PART VII.
THE DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
[678]. Bearing of the investigation [531]
[679]. Structural and ethnological views [531]
[680]-[682]. Causes that effect change [532]
[683], [684]. Preliminary notices [533]
[685]. Philological preliminaries [533]
[686], [687]. Present provincial dialects [534]-540
[688]-[691]. Caution [540]-544
[692]-[696]. Districts north of the Humber [545]-552
[697]. South Lancashire [552]
[698]. Shropshire, &c. [553]
[699]. East Derbyshire, &c. [553]
[700]. Norfolk and Suffolk [554]
[701]. Leicestershire, &c. [555]
[702]. Origin of the present written language [555]
[703]. Dialects of the Lower Thames [556]
[704]. Kent—Frisian theory [557]
[705]. Sussex, &c. [559]
[706]. Supposed East Anglian and Saxon frontier [560]
[707]. Dialects of remaining counties [560]
[708]. Objections [561]
[709]. Dialect of Gower [561]
[710]. —— the Barony of Forth [563]
[711]. Americanisms [565]
[712]. Extract from a paper of Mr. Watts [566]
[713]. Gypsy language, &c. [572]
[714]. Talkee-talkee [573]
[715], [716]. Varieties of the Anglo-Norman [574]
[717]-[719]. Extracts from Mr. Kemble [575]-580
Praxis [581]

AN INTRODUCTION

TO THE STUDY OF

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PART I.

GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.