[93] Penn, No Cross, No Crown, pt. i, ch. xii, par. 8.
[94] Sanderson, De Obligatione Conscientiæ, 1666; Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living, 1650, chap. iii, sect. iii (Of Negotiation or Civil Contracts, Rules and Measures of Justice in Bargaining).
[95] Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. F. B. Kaye, 1924, pp. 193, 194. Similar sentiments with regard to the necessity of poverty were expressed later by the Rev. J. Townsend, in his Dissertation on the Poor Laws (1785), and by Patrick Colquhoun in his Treatise on the Wealth and Resources of the British Empire (1814). Like Mandeville, both these writers argue that poverty is essential to the prosperity, and, indeed, to the very existence, of civilization. For a full collection of citations to the same effect from eighteenth-century writers, see E. S. Furniss, The Position of the Laborer in a System of Nationalism, 1920, chaps. iv-vi.
[96] The Whole Duty of Man, laid down in a plain and familiar Way for the Use of All, 1658.
CHAPTER IV
[1] Tucker, A Brief Essay on the Advantages and Disadvantages which respectively attend France and Great Britain with regard to Trade, 1750, p. 33. The best account of Tucker, most of whose works are scarce, is given by W. E. Clark, Josiah Tucker, Economist (Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Columbia University, vol. xix, 1903-5).
[2] Reliquiæ Baxterianæ: or Mr. Richard Baxter’s Narrative of the most memorable Passages of his Life and Times, 1696, p. 5.
[3] Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress.
[4] The Life of the Duke of Newcastle, by Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (Everyman ed., 1915, p. 153).
[5] Baxter, op. cit., p. 31.