Text-book of forensic medicine and toxicology - R. J. M. Buchanan

Table showing the Periods at which Points
of Ossification appear after Birth

Years of Life.	Bones in which Centres of Ossification appear.
1.	Fourth piece of the body of the sternum; coracoid process
	of scapula; head of humerus; os magnum (carpus);
	head of femur; upper end of tibia; external cuneiform
	(tarsus).
2.	Lower end of radius; unciform (carpus); lower end of tibia;
2.	lower end of fibula.
3.	Great tuberosity of humerus; patella; internal cuneiform (tarsus).
3-4.	Upper end of fibula.
4.	Great trochanter (femur); middle cuneiform (tarsus).
4-5.	Scaphoid (tarsus); lower end of ulna.
5.	Lesser tuberosity (humerus); internal condyle (humerus);
5.	trapezium and semi-lunar (carpus).
5-6.	Upper end of radius.
6.	Scaphoid (carpus).
7.	Trapezoid (carpus).
10.	Upper end of ulna.
12.	Pisiform (carpus).
13-14.	External condyle (humerus); small trochanter (femur).

Periods of Union of Epiphyses with the Shafts of Bones,
and of Bones with each other

Years of Life.
1-2.	Symphysis of lower jaw.
2.	Frontal suture; unites from below upwards; it may persist.
2.	Anterior fontanelle filled up.
7-8.	Rami of ischium and pubes.
17.	Epiphyses of upper end of ulna; small trochanter (femur).
17-18.	Epiphyses of condyles (humerus); upper end of radius.
18.	Epiphyses of great trochanter of femur; lower end of tibia;
18.	lower sacral vertebræ; portions of acetabulum united.
19.	Epiphyses of the head of the femur.
20.	Epiphyses of the head of the humerus; lower end of radius
20.	and ulna.
21.	Epiphyses of the upper end of tibia; lower end of fibula.
24.	Epiphyses of upper end of fibula.
25.	Second and third pieces of sternum; first and second sacral
25.	vertebræ; epiphyses of clavicle, lower end of femur.
40.	Manubrium, with body of sternum.

Table showing the Development of the Embryo
according to the Lunar Months

Month.	Length.	Weight.	Observations.
First.	Four to	Twenty	The embryo is curved; the mouth on
(3rd or 4th	six lines.	grains.	the cephalic extremity appears as
week.)			a cleft, and the eyes as two
			black points. Nipple-like
			protuberances mark the position of
			the extremities. The heart can be
			seen, and the liver is
			disproportionably large.
Second.	Fifteen to	Two to	The head disproportionably large.
(End of 8th	eighteen	five	Nose, lips, and external parts of
week.)	lines.	drachms.	generation visible, but sex
			doubtful. Anus appears as a dark
			point. Abdomen encloses the internal
			organs. Extremities project slightly
			from the trunk. Ossification in
			clavicle and lower jaw about end o
			seventh week; in frontal bone and
			ribs towards end of eighth week.
Third.	Two to	One to two	Eyes and mouth closed. Fingers well
(End of	two and	ounces.	separated; nails recognisable. The
12th week.)	a half		The sex can be detected by the aid
	inches.		of a lens. Suprarenal capsules and
			thymus gland are formed. The
			cavities of the heart and divisions
			of the brain distinct. The placenta
			isolated; the umbilical vesicle,
			allantois, &c., have disappeared.
Fourth.	Five to	Two and	The skin rosy and tolerably dense.
(End of	six	a half	Sex seen without aid from lens.
16th week.)	inches.	to three	The mouth is large and open; the
		ounces.	umbilicus is near the pubes.
			Meconium of a greyish-white colour
			in the large intestines.
Fifth.	Ten to	Seven	From the fifth month the length of
(End of	eleven	to ten	the fœtus in inches is approximately
20th week.)	inches.	ounces.	exactly double the number of the
		varying in	lunar months. The nails are
		individuals.	distinct. The head, liver, heart,
			and kidneys are disproportionately
			large. The hair appears as a light
			down. The meconium is of a
			yellowish-green colour. Points of
			ossification, pubes and os calcis.
Sixth.	Twelve to	One to two	Down and sebaceous matter cover the
(End of	thirteen	pounds.	skin. The colour of the body is a
24th week.)	inches.		cinnabar-red, and the umbilicus is
			farther from the pubes. The meconium
			is darker incolour; and the scrotum
			is empty, the testes being close to
			the kidneys. The pupillary membrane
			is still present.
Seventh.	Fourteen	Three or	The skin is of a dirty-red colour;
(End of	to fifteen	four pounds.	the hair about half an inch long,
28th week.)	inches.		and plentiful. Membrana pupillaris
			disappearing; eyelids non-adherent.
			The large intestine quite full of dark
			olive-green meconium. Fontanelles
			distinctly felt. Liver still large, of a
			dark-brownish colour.
Eighth	Fifteen	Three to	The skin, covered with soft hair,
(End of	to sixteen	five pounds	is more of a rosy flesh-colour.
32nd week.)	inches.		Disappearance of the pupillary
			membrane, and descent of the
			testicles into the scrotum. The
			open vulva exposes the clitoris to
			view. The nails almost reach the
			tips of the fingers.
Ninth.	Sixteen to	Six pounds.	The head covered with hair;
(End of	eighteen		the down on the body closing.
36th week.)	inches.
Tenth.	Eighteen	Seven to	Well-known signs of maturity.
(End of	to twenty	nine
40th week.)	inches.	pounds.

Table giving the Measurements, according to the Months,
of the Extremities of the Fœtus in
the Order of their Development

	Third.		Fourth.		Fifth.		Sixth.		Seventh.		Eighth.		Full Period.
Humerus	3½	lines.	8	lines.	13-15	lines.	16	lines.	20-22	lines.	23-24	lines.	3	inches.
Radius	2½	“	8	“	12	“	16	“	17	“	18-19	“	2	“	8	lines.
Ulna	3	“	8	“	13	“	17	“	18	“	22-23	“	2	“	10	“
Femur	2-3	“	4-5	“	12	“	17	“	19-21	“	24	“	3	“	6	“
Tibia	2-3	“	4-5	“	12	“	17	“	19-21	“	21-23	“	3	“	2	“
Fibula	2½	“	. . .		12	“	17	“	19-21	“	21-23	“	3	“	1	“

Table showing the Maximum and Minimum Dimensions of the Osseous
Nucleus of the Inferior Femoral Epiphysis from the Seventh
Month of Intra-Uterine Life to Two Years after Birth