[1] (London, A. & C. Black.)
[2] This definition of totemism is more or less in accord with that held by the late Professor Robertson Smith, but is not generally accepted. The exhaustive collection of totemic beliefs and customs contained in Sir J. G. Frazer’s Totemism and Exogamy affords, however, substantial evidence in favour of it among tribes still in the hunting stage in Australia, North America and Africa. The Indian form of totemism is, in the writer’s opinion, a later one, arising when the totem animal has ceased to be the main source of life, and when the clan come to think that they are descended from their totem animal and that the spirits of their ancestors pass into the totem animal. When this belief arises, they cease eating the totem as a mark of veneration and respect, and abstain from killing or injuring it. Finally the totem comes to be little more than a clan-name or family name, which serves the purpose of preventing marriage between persons related through males, who believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor.
[3] Orphéus (Heinemann), p. 197.
[4] Lane, Modern Egyptians, p. 248.
[5] Orphéus, p. 47.
[6] Ibidem, p. 50.
[7] B. G. Parsis of Gujarāt, pp. 232, 241.
[8] Orphéus, pp. 101, 102.
[9] Ibidem, p. 204.