1856. Kingsland (2828).—A form of refiner in which the pulp was beaten by a vertical disc rotating in an enclosed case.
1860. Jordan (792).—A machine devised for mixing size with pulp, made like a conical refining engine, the rubbing surface being provided with teeth or cutters.
1860. Jordan (2019).—An engine of the refiner type, constructed with a conical drum rotating in a conical casing. The knives at the larger end of the drum are placed closer together than those on the smaller end.
1863. Park (1138).—Two beaters placed side by side are driven by one steam engine placed between them, the operations being so timed that one rag engine is used for breaking while the other is finishing.
1864. Ibotson (2913).—The pulp is passed continuously from one engine roll to another, or from one part of a beater roll to another part of the same roll through slotted plates.
1866. Roeckner (140).—A beating engine of the refiner type with conical drum and casing.
1866. Berham (3299).—A beating engine of the conical type with the beater roll rotating vertically instead of horizontally.
1867. Crompton (482).—Device for raising the bars in the beater roll as the edge of the plate wears away.
1867. Wood (914).—Modification in the form of the beater bars (of little importance).
1867. Edge (3673).—The knives of the beater roll distributed at equal distances apart all round the roll, alternated with strips of wood.