If spread on glass and coagulated by heat, films are obtained from which the alkaline by-products can be washed out. These films are transparent, colourless, very tough and hard.
Vulcanised Fibre.—Fibre or pulp treated with zinc chloride in acid solution, or otherwise, for the manufacture of hard boards. (See page [139].)
Willesden Goods.—Paper, fibre, and textiles when treated with cuprammonium oxide are partially gelatinised on the surface and rendered waterproof. (See page [139].)
Wood Spirit.—(See Naphtha.)
Xylonite.—(See Celluloid.)
Fibres for Paper-making.
Although the vegetable world has been explored from time to time for new supplies of cellulose, and some plants have been found serviceable in certain directions, yet the number of fibres in actual use is very limited.
The following table indicates the principal sources of the material required for paper-making:—
| Fibre. | Source of the Fibre. | Application of the Fibre. |
| Linen | Rags, textile waste. | High class writings and printings. |
| Cotton | Rags, textile waste. | High class writings and printings. |
| Esparto | Natural grass. | Writings and printings. |
| Straw | Straw from various cereals—wheat, barley, oats, etc. | Printings, box and card boards. |
| Wood | Mechanically ground wood. | Cheap papers, boxboards, middles, tickets and cards, writings and printings. |
| „ | Chemically prepared wood. | Writings and printings. |
| Flax | Threads, waste from spinning mills. | Wrappings, boards, cable papers. |
| Hemp | Spinning refuse, old rope, sailcloth, etc. | Wrappings, boards, cable papers, strong writings. |
| Jute | Waste, old gunny bags. | Wrappings, boxboard, cards. |
| Bamboo | Natural stems. | Writings and printings (not in Europe, and only limited quantities elsewhere). |
| Ramie | Bast fibres of the plant; textile refuse. | Rarely used, except in special cases. |
| Bagasse | Sugar-cane refuse. | Common papers (chiefly experimental results). |
| Manila Hemp | Textile and rope refuse. | Wrappings, cable papers. |