RAFAEL SHAW.

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE
[INTRODUCTION][13]
[I.][RACIAL AND CLASS DISTINCTIONS][23]
[II.][THE RELIGION OF THE PEOPLE][39]
[III.][MORALITY AND CEREMONIAL][61]
[IV.][THE CONFESSIONAL, AND CHURCH ABUSES][73]
[V.][THE POOR AND THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS][89]
[VI.][THE MONARCHY AND THE PEOPLE][111]
[VII.][THE REVIVAL OF CARLISM][133]
[VIII.][THE CHURCH MILITANT][159]
[IX.][BARCELONA AND THE LAY SCHOOLS][181]
[X.][THE ARMY, PAST AND PRESENT][199]
[XI.][THE POLICE][215]
[XII.][POLITICS][227]
[XIII.][POLITICAL PARTIES][251]
[XIV.][EDUCATION][263]
[XV.][TAXATION][285]
[XVI.][THE PROCESS OF REGENERATION][303]
[APPENDIX. NOTES ON POLITICIANS AND PERIODICALS][319]
[INDEX]: [A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [L], [M], [N], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Z].[325]

ILLUSTRATIONS

[KING ALFONSO XIII. IN HIS STUDY IN MADRID ][Frontispiece]
FACING PAGE
[FACTORY GIRLS][14]
[PEASANT WOMEN][39]
[NEWSPAPER SELLERS AT THE OFFICES OF THE NUEVO MUNDO IN MADRID][61]
[THE QUEEN AND THE QUEEN-MOTHER OF SPAIN][111]
[SEÑOR MAURA, LEADER OF THE ULTRAMONTANES][149]
[DON JAIME OF BOURBON IN MOROCCO][153]
[A DEMONSTRATION OF REJOICING AT THE FALL OF THE ULTRAMONTANE MINISTRY][174]
[A CONSCRIPT][199]
[THE WAR IN MELILLA. A FORT ON MOUNT GURUGU][203]
[A RESERVIST AT THE FRONT][208]
[DON SEGISMUNDO MORET, LEADER OF THE LIBERAL-MONARCHISTS][227]
[SEÑOR CANALEJAS, LEADER OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATS, AND GENERAL MARINA, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AT MELILLA][244]
[A STREET HAWKER DESCRIBING BATTLE SCENES TO AN ILLITERATE AUDIENCE][263]
[SAFFRON PICKERS SORTING THEIR CROP][285]
[A SELLER OF PALM-LEAF BRUSHES AND FANS][289]

INTRODUCTION

While a good deal has been written of late years about Spain from the point of view put forward by the governing classes, little or nothing has been said about the people—the mass of the nation—who, unable, the immense majority of them, to read or write, are more inarticulate than their fellows in any country of Europe west of Russia, but who have, nevertheless, very definite aspirations and ideals, entirely distinct from those of their rulers, at whose hands, disheartened as they are by long years of misgovernment, they have almost abandoned any hope of amelioration of their lot.