[405:6] This movement began as a criticism of Hegelianism in behalf of the human personality. Cf. Andrew Seth: Hegelianism and Personality; Man and the Cosmos; Two Lectures on Theism. G. H. Howison: The Limits of Evolution. The important writings of the more independent movement are: William James: The Will to Believe. H. Sturt, editor: Personal Idealism, Philosophical Essays by Eight Members of Oxford University. F. C. S. Schiller: Humanism. Henri Bergson: Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience; Matière et mémoire. This movement is closely related to that of Pragmatism. See under § [203].
[406:7] Cf. Bertrand Russell: Principles of Mathematics, Vol. I. Among the more important writings of this movement are the following: Giuseppi Peano: Formulaire de Mathématique, published by the Rivista di matematica, Tom. I-IV. Richard Dedekind: Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? Georg Cantor: Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre. Louis Couturat: De l'Infini Mathématique, and articles in Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale. A. N. Whitehead: A Treatise on Universal Algebra. Heinrich Hertz: Die Prinzipien der Mechanik. Henri Poincaré: La Science et l'Hypothèse. For the bearing of these investigations on philosophy, see Royce: The Sciences of the Ideal, in Science, Vol. XX, No. 510.
[407:8] The term used by Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science.
[408:9] The important English writings of the recent independent movement known as pragmatism are: C. S. Peirce: Illustrations of the Logic of Science, in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XII. W. James: The Pragmatic Method, in Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. I; Humanism and Truth, in Mind, Vol. XIII, N. S.; The Essence of Humanism, in Jour. of Phil., Psych., and Sc. Meth., Vol. II (with bibliography); The Will to Believe. John Dewey: Studies in Logical Theory. W. Caldwell: Pragmatism, in Mind, Vol. XXV., N. S. See also literature on personal idealism, § [201]. A similar tendency has appeared in France in Bergson, LeRoy, Milhaud, and in Germany in Simmel.
[410:10] Cf. Ernst Mach: Analysis of Sensation. Translation by Williams.
[411:11] Cf. F. H. Bradley: Appearance and Reality.
[413:12] Cf. Carstanjen: Richard Avenarius, and his General Theory of Knowledge, Empiriocriticism. Translation by H. Bosanquet, in Mind, Vol. VI, N. S. Also James: Does Consciousness Exist? and A World of Pure Experience, in Jour. of Phil., Psych., and Sc. Meth., Vol. I; The Thing and its Relations, ibid., Vol. II.
The standard literature of this movement is unfortunately not available in English. Among the more important writings are: R. Avenarius: Kritik der reinen Erfahrung; Der menschliche Weltbegriff, and other works. Joseph Petzoldt: Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung. Ernst Mach: Die Analyse der Empfindung und das Verhältniss des Physischen zum Psychischen, 2. Auff. Wilhelm Schuppe: Grundriss der Erkenntnisstheorie und Logik. Friedrich Carstanjen: Einführung in die "Kritik der reinen Erfahrung"—an exposition of Avenarius. Also articles by the above, R. Willy, R. v. Schubert-Soldern, and others, in the Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie.
[420:13] It is not, of course, denied that there may be other orders, such as, e. g., an æsthetic order; or that there may be definite relations between these orders, such as, e. g., the psycho-physical relation.
[423:14] Quoted from George A. Gordon: The New Epoch for Faith, p. 27.