Cambridge, March, 1905.

FOOTNOTES:

[vii:A] Edw. Caird: Literature and Philosophy, Vol. I, p. 207.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY
PAGE
Chapter I. The Practical Man and the Philosopher[3]
§[1].Is Philosophy a Merely Academic Interest?[3]
§[2].Life as a Starting-point for Thought[4]
§[3].The Practical Knowledge of Means[8]
§[4].The Practical Knowledge of the End or Purpose[10]
§[5].The Philosophy of the Devotee, the Man of Affairs, and the Voluptuary[12]
§[6].The Adoption of Purposes and the Philosophy of Life[17]
Chapter II. Poetry and Philosophy[24]
§[7].Who is the Philosopher-Poet?[24]
§[8].Poetry as Appreciation[25]
§[9].Sincerity in Poetry. Whitman[27]
§[10].Constructive Knowledge in Poetry. Shakespeare[30]
§[11].Philosophy in Poetry. The World-view. Omar Khayyam[36]
§[12].Wordsworth[38]
§[13].Dante[42]
§[14].The Difference between Poetry and Philosophy[48]
Chapter III. The Religious Experience[53]
§[15].The Possibility of Defining Religion[53]
§[16].The Profitableness of Defining Religion[54]
§[17].The True Method of Defining Religion[56]
§[18].Religion as Belief[59]
§[19].Religion as Belief in a Disposition or Attitude[62]
§[20].Religion as Belief in the Disposition of the Residual Environment, or Universe[64]
§[21].Examples of Religious Belief[66]
§[22].Typical Religious Phenomena. Conversion[69]
§[23].Piety[72]
§[24].Religious Instruments, Symbolism, and Modes of Conveyance[74]
§[25].Historical Types of Religion. Primitive Religions[77]
§[26].Buddhism[78]
§[27].Critical Religion[79]
Chapter IV. The Philosophical Implications of Religion[82]
§[28].Résumé of Psychology of Religion[82]
§[29].Religion Means to be True[82]
§[30].Religion Means to be Practically True. God is a Disposition from which Consequences May Rationally be Expected[85]
§[31].Historical Examples of Religious Truth and Error. The Religion of Baal[88]
§[32].Greek Religion[89]
§[33].Judaism and Christianity[92]
§[34].The Cognitive Factor in Religion[96]
§[35].The Place of Imagination in Religion[97]
§[36].The Special Functions of the Religious Imagination[101]
§[37].The Relation between Imagination and Truth in Religion[105]
§[38].The Philosophy Implied in Religion and in Religions[108]
Chapter V. Natural Science and Philosophy[114]
§[39].The True Relations of Philosophy and Science. Misconceptions and Antagonisms[114]
§[40].The Spheres of Philosophy and Science[117]
§[41].The Procedure of a Philosophy of Science[120]
§[42].The Origin of the Scientific Interest[123]
§[43].Skill as Free[123]
§[44].Skill as Social[126]
§[45].Science for Accommodation and Construction[127]
§[46].Method and Fundamental Conceptions of Natural Science. The Descriptive Method[128]
§[47].Space, Time, and Prediction[130]
§[48].The Quantitative Method[132]
§[49].The General Development of Science[134]
§[50].The Determination of the Limits of Natural Science[135]
§[51].Natural Science is Abstract[136]
§[52].The Meaning of Abstractness in Truth[139]
§[53].But Scientific Truth is Valid for Reality[142]
§[54].Relative Practical Value of Science and Philosophy[143]
PART II
THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
Chapter VI. Metaphysics and Epistemology[149]
§[55].The Impossibility of an Absolute Division of the Problem of Philosophy[149]
§[56].The Dependence of the Order of Philosophical Problems upon the Initial Interest[152]
§[57].Philosophy as the Interpretation of Life[152]
§[58].Philosophy as the Extension of Science[154]
§[59].The Historical Differentiation of the Philosophical Problem[155]
§[60].Metaphysics Seeks a Most Fundamental Conception[157]
§[61].Monism and Pluralism[159]
§[62].Ontology and Cosmology Concern Being and Process[159]
§[63].Mechanical and Teleological Cosmologies[160]
§[64].Dualism[162]
§[65].The New Meaning of Monism and Pluralism[163]
§[66].Epistemology Seeks to Understand the Possibility of Knowledge[164]
§[67].Scepticism, Dogmatism, and Agnosticism[166]
§[68].The Source and Criterion of Knowledge according to Empiricism and Rationalism. Mysticism[168]
§[69].The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Realism, and the Representative Theory[172]
§[70].The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Idealism[175]
§[71].Phenomenalism, Spiritualism, and Panpsychism[176]
§[72].Transcendentalism, or Absolute Idealism[177]
Chapter VII. The Normative Sciences and the Problems of Religion[180]
§[73].The Normative Sciences[180]
§[74].The Affiliations of Logic[182]
§[75].Logic Deals with the Most General Conditions of Truth in Belief[183]
§[76].The Parts of Formal Logic. Definition, Self-evidence, Inference, and Observation[184]
§[77].Present Tendencies. Theory of the Judgment[187]
§[78].Priority of Concepts[188]
§[79].Æsthetics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Beauty. Subjectivistic and Formalistic Tendencies[189]
§[80].Ethics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Moral Goodness[191]
§[81].Conceptions of the Good. Hedonism[191]
§[82].Rationalism[193]
§[83].Eudæmonism and Pietism. Rigorism and Intuitionism[194]
§[84].Duty and Freedom. Ethics and Metaphysics[196]
§[85].The Virtues, Customs, and Institutions[198]
§[86].The Problems of Religion. The Special Interests of Faith[199]
§[87].Theology Deals with the Nature and Proof of God[200]
§[88].The Ontological Proof of God[200]
§[89].The Cosmological Proof of God[203]
§[90].The Teleological Proof of God[204]
§[91].God and the World. Theism and Pantheism[205]
§[92].Deism[206]
§[93].Metaphysics and Theology[207]
§[94].Psychology is the Theory of the Soul[208]
§[95].Spiritual Substance[209]
§[96].Intellectualism and Voluntarism[210]
§[97].Freedom of the Will. Necessitarianism, Determinism, and Indeterminism[211]
§[98].Immortality. Survival and Eternalism[212]
§[99].The Natural Science of Psychology. Its Problems and Method[213]
§[100].Psychology and Philosophy[216]
§[101].Transition from Classification by Problems to Classification by Doctrines. Naturalism. Subjectivism. Absolute Idealism. Absolute Realism[217]
PART III
SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
Chapter VIII. Naturalism[223]
§[102].The General Meaning of Materialism[223]
§[103].Corporeal Being[224]
§[104].Corporeal Processes. Hylozoism and Mechanism[225]
§[105].Materialism and Physical Science[228]
§[106].The Development of the Conceptions of Physical Science. Space and Matter[228]
§[107].Motion and its Cause. Development and Extension of the Conception of Force[231]
§[108].The Development and Extension of the Conception of Energy[236]
§[109].The Claims of Naturalism[239]
§[110].The Task of Naturalism[241]
§[111].The Origin of the Cosmos[242]
§[112].Life. Natural Selection[244]
§[113].Mechanical Physiology[246]
§[114].Mind. The Reduction to Sensation[247]
§[115].Automatism[248]
§[116].Radical Materialism. Mind as an Epiphenomenon[250]
§[117].Knowledge. Positivism and Agnosticism[252]
§[118].Experimentalism[255]
§[119].Naturalistic Epistemology not Systematic[256]
§[120].General Ethical Stand-point[258]
§[121].Cynicism and Cyrenaicism[259]
§[122].Development of Utilitarianism. Evolutionary Conception of Social Relations[260]
§[123].Naturalistic Ethics not Systematic[262]
§[124].Naturalism as Antagonistic to Religion[263]
§[125].Naturalism as the Basis for a Religion of Service, Wonder, and Renunciation[265]
Chapter IX. Subjectivism[267]
§[126].Subjectivism Originally Associated with Relativism and Scepticism[267]
§[127].Phenomenalism and Spiritualism[271]
§[128].Phenomenalism as Maintained by Berkeley. The Problem Inherited from Descartes and Locke[272]
§[129].The Refutation of Material Substance[275]
§[130].The Application of the Epistemological Principle[277]
§[131].The Refutation of a Conceived Corporeal World[278]
§[132].The Transition to Spiritualism[280]
§[133].Further Attempts to Maintain Phenomenalism[281]
§[134].Berkeley's Spiritualism. Immediate Knowledge of the Perceiver[284]
§[135].Schopenhauer's Spiritualism, or Voluntarism. Immediate Knowledge of the Will[285]
§[136].Panpsychism[287]
§[137].The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism. No Provision for Objective Knowledge[288]
§[138].Schopenhauer's Attempt to Universalize Subjectivism. Mysticism[290]
§[139].Objective Spiritualism[292]
§[140].Berkeley's Conception of God as Cause, Goodness, and Order[293]
§[141].The General Tendency of Subjectivism to Transcend Itself[297]
§[142].Ethical Theories. Relativism[298]
§[143].Pessimism and Self-denial[299]
§[144].The Ethics of Welfare[300]
§[145].The Ethical Community[302]
§[146].The Religion of Mysticism[303]
§[147].The Religion of Individual Coöperation with God[304]
Chapter X. Absolute Realism[306]
§[148].The Philosopher's Task, and the Philosopher's Object, or the Absolute[306]
§[149].The Eleatic Conception of Being[309]
§[150].Spinoza's Conception of Substance[311]
§[151].Spinoza's Proof of God, the Infinite Substance. The Modes and the Attributes[312]
§[152].The Limits of Spinoza's Argument for God[315]
§[153].Spinoza's Provision for the Finite[317]
§[154].Transition to Teleological Conceptions[317]
§[155].Early Greek Philosophers not Self-critical[319]
§[156].Curtailment of Philosophy in the Age of the Sophists[319]
§[157].Socrates and the Self-criticism of the Philosopher[321]
§[158].Socrates's Self-criticism a Prophecy of Truth[323]
§[159].The Historical Preparation for Plato[324]
§[160].Platonism: Reality as the Absolute Ideal or Good[326]
§[161].The Progression of Experience toward God[329]
§[162].Aristotle's Hierarchy of Substances in Relation to Platonism[332]
§[163].The Aristotelian Philosophy as a Reconciliation of Platonism and Spinozism[335]
§[164].Leibniz's Application of the Conception of Development to the Problem of Imperfection[336]
§[165].The Problem of Imperfection Remains Unsolved[338]
§[166].Absolute Realism in Epistemology. Rationalism[339]
§[167].The Relation of Thought and its Object in Absolute Realism[340]
§[168].The Stoic and Spinozistic Ethics of Necessity[342]
§[169].The Platonic Ethics of Perfection[344]
§[170].The Religion of Fulfilment and the Religion of Renunciation[346]
Chapter XI. Absolute Idealism[349]
§[171].General Constructive Character of Absolute Idealism[349]
§[172].The Great Outstanding Problems of Absolutism[351]
§[173].The Greek Philosophers and the Problem of Evil. The Task of the New Absolutism[352]
§[174].The Beginning of Absolute Idealism in Kant's Analysis of Experience[354]
§[175].Kant's Principles Restricted to the Experiences which they Set in Order[356]
§[176].The Post-Kantian Metaphysics is a Generalization of the Cognitive and Moral Consciousness as Analyzed by Kant. The Absolute Spirit[358]
§[177].Fichteanism, or the Absolute Spirit as Moral Activity[360]
§[178].Romanticism, or the Absolute Spirit as Sentiment[361]
§[179].Hegelianism, or the Absolute Spirit as Dialectic[361]
§[180].The Hegelian Philosophy of Nature and History[363]
§[181].Résumé. Failure of Absolute Idealism to Solve the Problem of Evil[365]
§[182].The Constructive Argument for Absolute Idealism is Based upon the Subjectivistic Theory of Knowledge[368]
§[183].The Principle of Subjectivism Extended to Reason[371]
§[184].Emphasis on Self-consciousness in Early Christian Philosophy[372]
§[185].Descartes's Argument for the Independence of the Thinking Self[374]
§[186].Empirical Reaction of the English Philosophers[376]
§[187].To Save Exact Science Kant Makes it Dependent on Mind[377]
§[188].The Post-Kantians Transform Kant's Mind-in-general into an Absolute Mind[380]
§[189].The Direct Argument. The Inference from the Finite Mind to the Infinite Mind[382]
§[190].The Realistic Tendency in Absolute Idealism[385]
§[191].The Conception of Self-consciousness Central in the Ethics of Absolute Idealism. Kant[386]
§[192].Kantian Ethics Supplemented through the Conceptions of Universal and Objective Spirit[388]
§[193].The Peculiar Pantheism and Mysticism of Absolute Idealism[390]
§[194].The Religion of Exuberant Spirituality[393]
Chapter XII. Conclusion[395]
§[195].Liability of Philosophy to Revision Due to its Systematic Character[395]
§[196].The One Science and the Many Philosophies[396]
§[197].Progress in Philosophy. The Sophistication or Eclecticism of the Present Age[398]
§[198].Metaphysics. The Antagonistic Doctrines of Naturalism and Absolutism[399]
§[199].Concessions from the Side of Absolutism. Recognition of Nature. The Neo-Fichteans[401]
§[200].The Neo-Kantians[403]
§[201].Recognition of the Individual. Personal Idealism[404]
§[202].Concessions from the Side of Naturalism. Recognition of Fundamental Principles[405]
§[203].Recognition of the Will. Pragmatism[407]
§[204].Summary and Transition to Epistemology[408]
§[205].The Antagonistic Doctrines of Realism and Idealism. Realistic Tendency in Empirical Idealism[409]
§[206].Realistic Tendency in Absolute Idealism. The Conception of Experience[410]
§[207].Idealistic Tendencies in Realism. The Immanence Philosophy[412]
§[208].The Interpretation of Tradition as the Basis for a New Construction[413]
§[209].The Truth of the Physical System, but Failure of Attempt to Reduce all Experience to it[414]
§[210].Truth of Psychical Relations but Impossibility of General Reduction to them[415]
§[211].Truth of Logical and Ethical Principles. Validity of Ideal of Perfection, but Impossibility of Deducing the Whole of Experience from it[415]
§[212].Error and Evil cannot be Reduced to the Ideal[417]
§[213].Collective Character of the Universe as a Whole[419]
§[214].Moral Implications of Such Pluralistic Philosophy. Purity of the Good[420]
§[215].The Incentive to Goodness[422]
§[216].The Justification of Faith[423]
§[217].The Worship and Service of God[425]
§[218].The Philosopher and the Standards of the Market-Place[425]
§[219].The Secularism of the Present Age[427]
§[220].The Value of Contemplation for Life[428]
Bibliography[431]
Index[441]