Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution

by Ralph Straus

[61] Sir Walter Gilbey had a posting brougham built for his own use, which to an even greater extent resembled the old chariot. In this case postilions were used.

[62] “The Patent Dioropha, or two-headed carriage, combining in one a clarence or pilentum coach, complete with all its appointments; a barouche, with folding head and three-fold knee-flap; and an open carriage. The heads can be removed or exchanged with facility by means of a pulley attached to the ceiling of the coach-house, aided by a counterpoise weight.” Vide the Official Catalogue, which also gives illustrations of several Indian carriages, such as the Keron, the rath, a Mahratta carriage from Bengal, and a lady’s carriage from Lahore—the last being a four-wheeled conveyance covered with scarlet and crimson cloth, and shut in with thick curtains.

[63] The only sulky now to be seen in this country is the trotting carriage used in races—a mere skeleton. See also p. 210.

[64] Suspension of Road Carriages. A Paper read before the Institute of British Carriage Manufacturers at York. 1899.

---

Index

• Abergavenny, Marquis of, [270] n.
• Ackermann, William, [230], [234]
• Adams, T. G., 232
• Adams, William Bridges, [19], [49], [62], [65], [154], [212], [214] n., [227]-230, [232]-236, [258] n.
• Addison, Joseph, [151]
• adometer, [115]
• Adrianople, [152]
• Africa, South, [278]
• Agrippina, [33]
• Alchemist, The, [75]
• Aldersgate Street, [190]
• Alexander and Campaspe, [58]
• Alexander of Parma, [67]
• Alexander Severus, [35]
• Alexander the Great, [27]
• Alexandria, [27]
• All sorts of Wheel Carriage, Improved, [166]
• ἅμαξα, [26], [27]
• Amelia, Princess, [104]
• amempton, [272]
• America, North, [36], [140], [205], [220], [221], [225], [236], [263]
• America, South, [20], [189], [236]
• Amsterdam, [225], [226]
• Andersen, Henry, [90]
• Andrews, coachbuilder, [267]
• Anne, wife of Richard II, [49]
• Anne, Queen, [154], [174]
• Anne, Social Life in the Reign of Queen, [158] n.
• Anne Boleyn, [54]
• Annual Register, [214]
• Anstice, J., [205]
• Antioch, [29]
• Antiochus, [40] n.
• ἄντυξ, [25]
• Antwerp, [68], [110]
• ἀπήνη, [26]-28
• Apollo, or a Problem Solved, [162]
• Appian Way, [28]
• araba, [40]
• Arabia, [40]
• arcera, [29]
• Arlington cab, [280]
• ἄρμα, [25], [26], [29]
• ἁρμάμαξα, [26], [27], [29]
• Arnot, Hugh, [102]
• Arundel, Earl of, [76], [77]
• Ashby, Lady, [120]
• Ashton, John, [158]
• Asia, [107], [108]
• Assyrian chariot. See chariot
• Athens, [36]
• Ausonius, [31]
• Australia, [223]
• Austria, [51], [232]
• automobile, [256], [269], [282]
• Automobile: a Forecast, The, [281]
• axles, movable, [256], [269], [282]
  
• Babylon, [27]
• back-door cab, [249]
• Bailey, Captain, [88]
• Balack, Donald, [105]
• barcos de tierra, [20]
• barge, [276]
• Barker, Edward, [74]
• barouche, [206], [229], [230], [264], [271] n.
• barouchet, [230]
• Barrow, John, [107]
• Bartholomew Fair, [75]
• Baskerville, John, [191]
• basket, the, [168], [169]. See also under boot
• basterna, [32], [37], [52]
• Bath, [61], [103], [104]
• Battlesden cart, [279]
• Baudry, M., [252]
• Baxter, coachbuilder, [258]
• Baynardes Castle, [77]
• beading, 120n.
• Beatrice of Anjou, [50]
• Beau’s Ideal, The, [160]
• Beckmann, [65], [116]
• Bedford cart, [279]
• Belgium, [35]
• Bellasis, Richard, [57]
• Belvoir, [71]
• benna, [32], [35]
• Bennet, Mr., [221]
• Bennett, coachbuilder, [235]
• Berlin, [118] n.
• berlin, [62], [109], [118]-121, [139], [141], [175], [176], [216];
  • Korff berline, [207] et seq.
• berlina, [118] n.
• berline. See berlin
• berlingot, [141]
• bian, [239], [281]
• Bianconi, [239]
• Bible, Dictionary of the, [22] n.
• bike wagon, [275];
  • cut-under bike wagon, [275]
• Birch, Thomas, [116] n.
• Bird-Cage Walk, [258]
• Birmingham, [42], [190], [191], [250], [251] n., [255]
• birotum, [32] n.
• Blackfriars, [82]
• Blackheath, [115]-117
• Blackwood’s Magazine, [238]
• Bligh family. See Darnley
• Blount. See Blunt
• Blunt, Colonel [Sir Harry, of Wicklemarsh], [115], [117], [118], [126]
• Bodger, [189]
• Bondman, The, [87] n.
• Boonen, William, [71], [72]
• boot, first mention of, [73];
  • metamorphosed into basket, [74], [84], [111], [114], [168], [218], [229], [234], [235]
• Boston, U.S.A., [221]
• Boulnois, William, [249], [250]
• Boulogne, [70]
• Bourn, Daniel, [180], [181], [185]
• brake, [273]
• Breasted, J. H., [21]
• brewer’s cart, [96]
• Britain, [30], [39]
• British Museum, [48]
• britzschka (briska, brisker, brisky), [232]-234;
  • briska-chariot, [229], [232], [233];
  • briska-phaeton, [229];
  • briska-landau, [264]
• broad-waggons, [198]
• Broderithus, Stephanus, [65]
• brouette (wheelbarrow), [99], [100], [108], [139]
• Brougham, Lord, [251]
• brougham, [251], [252], [257], [262], [271];
  • posting-brougham, 270 n.;
  • two-wheeled brougham, [279];
  • brougham-hansom, [280]
• Brouncker, Lord, [117]
• Browne, Sir Thomas, [73], [121], [221]
• Brussels, [67], [110]
• buckboard, [276]
• Buckingham, Duke of, [61], [86]-88, [91], [107], [153]
• Buckingham, Earl of, [49]
• Budd, G. F., [262]
• buggy, [221], [236], [257], [273]-275
• Bulkeley, Sir Richard, [142], [143], [155]
• Bulwer Lytton, [271]
• Bunbury, H., [199]
• Burgh, Elizabeth de, Lady Clare, [48]
  
• cab, hackney. See cabriolet
• cab-phaeton, [229], [233], [245], [266]
• cabriolet, [139], [170], [198], [199], [221], [234], [244] et seq., [266], [276];
  • cabriolet de place, [244]
• Cæsar, Julius, [29], [36]
• Cæsarius, [29]
• Calais, [172]
• calash (calesh, calèche), [109], [140] et seq., [154], [155], [206], [221]
• calesse (calesso), [35], [140]
• caned whiskey, [214]
• Canterbury, [110]
• Cape cart, [278]
• Capua, [28]
• Caricature History of the Georges, [198] n.
• Carinthia, [121]
• Carlyle, Thomas, [207], [209]
• carpentum, [31], [33], [34]
• carretta, [50]
• carriage, early use of the word, [45];
  • early English carriage described, [47];
  • Chinese, [38], [107];
  • Dacian, [37]
• Carriage Builder’s and Harness Maker’s Art Journal, [72], [158]
• carriage-match, [188]
• carriole, [35], [69], [140], [224]
• carroccio, [50] n.
• carroch (caroch, carroach, carroche), [64], [80], [83]
• carrosse, [69];
  • carosse à cinq sous, [136] et seq.
• carruca, [32], [34];
  • carruca argentata, [35];
  • carruca domestoria, [35]
• carrus, 32 n.;
  • carrus stabularius, [32] n.
• cart, [24], [81], [82], [247];
  • early English cart described, [45]
• Castlemaine, Earl of, [123], [124];
  • Countess of, [140] n.
• cathedra, [37]
• Catherine of Aragon, [54]
• Catton, coach-painter, [188]
• Cecil, Lady, [76]
• Cenis, Mont, [104]
• Centlivre, Mrs., [160]
• chaer. See chare
• chair, sedan, [85] et seq.;
  • introduced into England, [87];
  • hackney chairs established, [87], [91];
  • characteristics of chairmen, [96], [102];
  • appearance, [99]-101;
  • at Bath, [104];
  • persist at Edinburgh, [106];
  • regulations, [106];
  • Eastern chairs, [107];
  • mentioned, [123], [148], [166], [173], [221], [222]
• chair, one-horse. See chaise
• chairs-and-chairmen, [198]
• chaise, [140], [141], [147], [148], [155], [156], [170], [171], [175], [196];
  • French chaise described, [147], [148];
  • chaise à porteur, [99];
  • chaise de poste, [170]
• Chamberlayne, William, [135]
• Chambers, Sir William, [185], [186], [260]
• Chapman, John, [250]
• char. See chare
• char-à-banc, [273]
• char-à-cote, [224]
• chare (car), [46], [49], [50], [52], [54], [69]
• charette (chariette), [49], [50], [62], [67]
• chariot, Hittite, [21], [23];
  • Egyptian, [20], [22];
  • Assyrian, [22], [24], [39];
  • Persian, [23], [38]-40;
  • Grecian, [24] et seq.;
  • Lydian, [26];
  • British, [29], [30];
  • mentioned, [49], [54], [55], [97], [111], [120] et seq., [141], [144];
  • Col. Blunt’s chariots, [115] et seq.;
  • Spanish, [121];
  • Mr. Povey’s, [126];
  • Sir Richard Bulkeley’s, [142];
  • chariot à L’anglaise, [147];
  • the Darnley chariot, [150] et seq.;
  • advertisements of, [157];
  • George IV’s, [207];
  • cost of, [210];
  • Hobson’s chariots, [232];
  • also mentioned, [148], [150], [153], [161], [171], [175], [200], [206], [210], [221], [229], [234], [251], [270], [271], [276]
• chariotee, [236]
• Charles of Anjou, [50]
• ---- I, [86], [90], [91], [111], [123]
• ---- II, [55], [61], [140] n., [148]
• ---- V, [86]
• ---- VII, of France, [64]
• ---- XII, [154]
• chasse marée, [159]
• Chaucer, Geoffrey, [49]
• Cheapside, [150], [192] n.
• cheas, [162]
• Chicago, [275]
• Chiesa, Philip de, [118]
• Child, Josiah, [198]
• Chili, [20]
• China, [38], [79], [107]
• Cicero, [30], [32]
• Cipriani, [113], [188], [260]
• cisium, [31], [32] n., [139];
  • cisiarii, [31]
• Clanwilliam, Earl of, [233]
• clarence, [271], [272];
  • Surrey clarence, [271]
• Claudius, the Emperor, [36]
• Cleveland, John, [114]
• Clinker, Humphrey, [103]
• coach, introduction of, [56] et seq.;
  • women forbidden their use, [57];
  • Taylor’s opinion of, [59];
  • first coach-and-six, [61];
  • definition of, [62];
  • where first made, [62];
  • derivation of the word, [63];
  • similar to couch, [63];
  • first English coaches only carts, [64];
  • appearance of early coaches, [66];
  • how evolved from the waggon, [66];
  • a sixteenth-century coach described, [67];
  • oldest coach in existence, [68];
  • introduction into England, [69];
  • first “hollow, turning coach” for Queen Elizabeth, [71];
  • her Dutch coach, [72];
  • Earl of Rutland’s coach, [77], [78];
  • coach compared with cart, [81];
  • Taylor’s ride in, [84];
  • hackney coaches, [88], [165], [201], [241] et seq.;
  • proclamations concerning, [90], [125];
  • early French coach, [111];
  • size of English coaches, [111];
  • oldest coaches with solid doors, [119];
  • Roman coaches, [123];
  • overturning of, [142];
  • early Georgian coaches, [148];
  • Turkish, [152];
  • Russian, [153], [154];
  • Venetian, [159];
  • patent coaches, [166], [217], [218];
  • Spanish, [170];
  • “frictionless” coach, [190];
  • Baskerville’s, [191];
  • Lord Chancellor’s Irish coach, [206], [207], [258];
  • reasons for overcrowding, [215];
  • nineteenth-century coach, [229];
  • Victorian, [261]
• Coach and Coach Harness Makers’ Company, [143]
• Coach and Sedan pleasantly disputing, [63], [92] et seq.
• coachee, [222]
• Coaches, The History of, [24] n.
• coal-carriage, [192]
• Coates, “Romeo,” [213]
• Coburg, [67], [68]
• Cockburn, Lord, [106]
• cochio, [50] n.
• Colley, [199]
• Colman, J., [198]
• Commander, Mr., [127]
• Conference between ... chariot ... and ... chair, A, [97]
• Congreve, William, [201]
• Connecticut, [221]
• Consort, Prince, [272]
• Constantine, [32] n.
• Constantinople, [29]
• Conveyancing, [248]
• Cooper, Fenimore, [105]
• Cooper, J. C., coach-designer, [266]
• corbillard, [111]
• correo real, [170]
• cottri, [63]
• Cotzi. See Kotzee
• couch. See coach
• coucou, [169]
• coupé, [155], [230], [270]
• Courtney, C. B., [277]
• Covent Garden, [104]
• Coventry, Sir William, [132]
• covinus, [30]
• Cow Lane, [129]
• crane-neck perches, [119]
• Craven, [57]
• Creed, Mrs., [130]
• Crenan, Marquis de, [136]
• Croal, Thomas, [84], [101], [118] n., [143], [236], [240]
• Cromwell, Oliver, [112]-114
• Crooch, John, [92]
• Croune, Dr., [117]
• Croydon, [270]
• Cruikshank, George, [246]
• C-spring, [119]
• Cuba, [140], [236]
• Cuchey, Cambridge carrier, [63]
• Cumberland, George, Earl of, [59];
  • Henry Clifford, Earl of, [57]
• Curialia Miscellanea, [91] n.
• curricle, [199], [213], [214], [222], [234], [242], [276], [277];
  • curricle tribus, [252]
• currus, [29];
  • currus arcuatus, [33];
  • currus falcatus, [40] n.
• curtin coach, [159]
• Curtius, [39], [40]
• Cyprus, [39]
  
• Darnley, Lord, [150]
• Dashour, [24]
• Davenant, Sir William, [123]
• Davies, David, [233], [245], [251]
• decoration of carriages, [139]
• Defoe, Daniel, [102] n.
• Delaney, Mrs., [159]
• Delavel, Sir Francis, [196], [237]
• demi-landau, [210]
• dennet, [235];
  • the Misses, [235]
• Dertford, [77]
• désobligeante, [141], [172]
• Dessein, M., [172]
• Devil is an Ass, The, [80]
• Devonshire, Duke of, [259]
• Diana of Poitiers, [69]
• Dickens, Charles, [234], [242], [244], [246], [247]
• diligence, [148], [168];
  • diligence de ville, 219.
  • See also mail-coach
• Diomed, [26]
• dioropha, [271]
• δίφρος. See ἅρμα
• Dockwra, William, [166]
• dog-cart, [235], [257], [275], [276], [278]
• dogs used as beasts of burden, [110]
• Don, Lady, [106]
• Dorchester, [280]
• Dover, [218]
• Down-Hall, [156]
• drag, [262], [263]
• Drake, Sir Francis, [59]
• driving-coach, [229]
• droitzschka (drosky), [224], [233]
• Dublin, [142], [238], [239]
• Duncombe, Sir Saunders, [87], [91]
• Dunkirk, [110]
• duobus, [249]
• Dupin, [99]
  
• Early Carriages and Roads, [50] n.
• Early Use of Carriages in England, [54]
• Eastward Hoe, [75], [79]
• Echoes of the Streets, [103] n.
• Edgeworth, Dr. Lovell, [205]
• Edgware, [57]
• Edinburgh, [90], [102], [103], [106], [144], [206]
• Edinburgh Almanac, The, [106]
• Edward III, [43], [48]
• Edward VI, [70]
• Edward VII, [259]
• effeminacy and carriages, [44], [56] et seq.
• Eglinton, Earl of, [188]
• Egypt, [23], [24], [46]
• Egypt, A History of, [21] n.
• Eleanor, the Lady, [48]
• elephant carriage, [239], [240]
• Elgin, Earl of, [108];
  • Elgin marbles, [26]
• Elizabeth, Queen, [71]-73, [83], [86], [174]
• Elliott, Obadiah, [205], [214], [227], [228] n., [234]
• elliptic springs, [205]
• English Pleasure Carriages, [19] n., [227]
• English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, [43] n.
• Entertainment at Rutland House, First Day’s, [123]
• equirotal carriages, [237]
• Erichthonius, [36]
• Eridge cart, [270] n.
• Ermengarde, the Lady, [51]
• essedum, [29]-31;
  • essedum deauratum, [30]
• Essex, Robert, Earl of, [59];
  • Countess of, [77]
• Eugene, Prince, [160]
• Evelyn, John, [87], [109], [111], [115], [116], [125], [126], [142]
• Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land, of Henry, Earl of Derby, [51]
  
• Fantail gig, [236]
• Farnese, Duke Edward, [123]
• Felton, William, [204], [207], [210], [213], [227]
• Ferrara, [69];
  • Duchess of, [69]
• Ferrers, Earl, [53]
• Fersen, Count, [208], [209]
• fiacre, [90]
• Fielding, Sir John, [201], [203]
• Finsbury, [92], [235]
• Flanders, [51], [209];
  • Flemish mares and carriages, [52], [63], [83]
• Flandres, Anciennes Chroniques de, [50]
• Fleet Street, [164]
• Florence, [23], [140]
• fly, [265]
• Ford, Sir Richard, [129]
• Ford, William, [201]
• Forde, coachbuilder, [279]
• four-in-hand, [229], [262]
• Four-in-Hand Driving Club, [262]
• “four-wheeler,” [89]
• France, [43], [62], [76], [90], [94], [121], [139], [140], [148], [151], [165], [168], [171], [172], [177], [189], [196], [198], [219], [230]
• Frankfort, [65]
• Frederick, Duke of Saxony, [67]
• Frederick III, the Emperor, [65] n.
• Friola, [51]
• Froissart, Sir John, [49], [53]
  
• galera, [169]
• Gauden, Sir D., [129]
• Gaul, [31]
• Gautier, Théophile, [170]
• Gay, John, [60], [98], [102], [150]
• Gazetteer, The, [172] n.
• General Highways Act, the first, [70]
• Gentleman Dancing Master, The, [127]
• Gentleman’s Magazine, [174], [176], [180], [193]
• George I, [159]
• George III, [185], [186], [188], [207]
• George IV, [211], [212], [267]
• George V, [185]
• Germany, [35], [66], [68], [76], [118], [147], [219], [226], [273]
• gharry, [40]
• Ghent, [110]
• Gibbon, Edward, [28], [29]
• gig, [107], [139]-141, [144], [199], [213], [214], [221], [224], [235]-237, [245], [275]-277;
  • primitive form of, [31]
• Gigg, Sir Gregory, [199]
• Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart., [50], [54], [113], [117], [251], [259], [262], [269]-272, [277], [278], [280]
• Gild of the Holy Cross, [42]
• Gillray, James, [211], [213], [220]
• Ginzrot, von, [39], [66]
• Glasgow, [144], [256]
• glass for coaches and chairs, [104], [109], [111], [120], [121], [131], [135], [154]
• glass-coach, [119], [121], [185], [207]
• Godalming, [149]
• Godelak, Walter, [43]
• gondola, [169], [216], [252]
• governess cart, [279]
• Gozzadini, Count, [67], [123], [140]
• Grammont, Chevalier de, [140] n.
• Grand Concern of England, The, [136]
• Gray, Thomas, [147], [148]
• Gray’s-inn-lane, [197]
• Green, John, [165], [166]
• Greenwich, [253], [254]
• Gregory X, Pope, [50]
• Gresham College, [116]
• Griffin, Will, [127]
• Grosvenor Square, [197], [241] n.
• Gurney, Sir Goldsmith, [255], [256]
  
• Hackney, [88], [121], [127];
  • derivation of the word, [88] n.
• Hamburg, [226]
• Hamilton, Duke of, [211]
• hammercloth, [158], [206], [229], [271]
• Hanning, Mr., [255]
• Hansom, Aloysius, [250], [251]
• hansom-cab, [89], [99], [192] n., 250 et seq., [279], [280], [282];
  • Floyd hansom, [279];
  • four-wheeled hansom, [280]
• Harborough, [176]
• Harper, Charles, [120], [135] n., [215] n., [218], [261]
• Harrow, [57];
  • Harrow School, [57]
• Harvey, Mr., [249], [252]
• Harwich, [55], [190]
• Hastings, J., [22] n.
• Hatchett, coachbuilder, [258]
• Hatton House, [77]
• Haussez, Baron D’, [241] n.
• Heathcote, Sir Gilbert, [188]
• Heliogabalus, [82]
• “hell-cart,” [81]
• Hengrave, [76]
• Henry IV, [51]
• Henry VI, [54]
• Henry VII, [96]
• Henry of Navarre, [84];
  • his widow, [54]
• Herodotus, [27]
• Hesiod, [28]
• Hewer, Will, [131], [133]
• Hicks, Sir Elias, [92]
• Hieronymus, [27]
• Hinckley, [250]
• History of Great Britain, [61] n.
• History of Inventions, [65]
• History of Locomotion, [62]
• Hobson, Samuel, [232]
• Hoby, Sir Thomas, [76]
• Hodges, coachmaster, [157], [158]
• Hoefnagle, [72]
• Hogarth, [64]
• Holborn, [132], [197], [264]
• Holcroft, Thomas, [226]
• Holinshed, [54]
• Holland, [68], [71], [156], [226]
• Holland & Holland, [261]
• Holloway, [247]
• Hood, Thomas, [248], [256]
• Hook, Theodore, [235]
• Hooke, Dr. Robert, [116], [117]
• Hooper, G. N., [276]
• Hopkinson, Luke, [264], [265]
• Hopkynson, Edward, [71]
• Horse and Carriage Oracle, The, [231]
• Hungary, [37], [51], [63]-66, [68]
• Hunt, Leigh, [162], [206], [210], [214], [219], [242]
• Hutton, Catherine, [192]
• Hutton, William, [191]
• Hyde Park, [112], [115], [122], [155], [156]
• hwakeaou, [108]
  
• idol-car, Persian, [39]
• Indian carriages, early, [40]
• Ingleby, Colonel, [112]
• Ipswich, [73]
• Ireland, [143], [206], [214], [220], [238], [239], [281]
• Irish car, [281]
• Isabella of Spain, [170]
• isinglass, or talc, used for windows, [92]
• Islington, [92]
• Italy, [31], [32], [33] n., [35], [62], [110], [123], [172], [196], [235]
  
• Jacob, [21], [46]
• Jacobs, Joseph, coachbuilder, [157], [184]
• James I, [87]
• Japan, [108]
• jaunting car, Irish, [239]
• Jervis, John, coachman, [239]
• jin-rick-shaw, [99], [108]
• John, Elector of Saxony, [68]
• John, King, [53]
• Johnson, Samuel, [162], [171], [219]
• Jonson, Ben, [75], [79]
• Joseph, [21], [46]
• Journey across Asia, King’s, [224]
• Journey round the World, Pfeiffer’s, [223]
• Jowermarsh, [43]
• Julius, Duke of Brunswick, [58]
• Juno, [25], [118] n.
• Jupiter, [162]
• Jusserand, J. J., [43], [47], [48]
  
• καμάρα, [27]
• Kamtschatka, [224]
• κάναθρον, [26], [28]
• kangoe, [108]
• Kellner, M., [265] n.
• Kelson, Mr., [160]
• Kennedy, Donald, [150]
• keron, [271] n.
• Kesterton, Mr., [272]
• kibitka, [224]
• Kinder, coachbuilder, [273]
• King, Captain, [224]
• Kink, [199]
• Kin-sai, [38]
• Knapp, Edward, [115]
• Korff, Baroness de, [208]
• Kottcze (Kotcze), [63], [65]
• Kotzee (Kotzi), [62], [65]
• Kytson family, [76]
  
• Lade, Sir John, [197], [211]
• Ladislaus, King of Hungary, [64]
• Lafitte, Jacques, [252], [253]
• landau, [62], [175], [193], [200], [207], [210], [230], [257], [263]-266, [268], [271];
  • state landau, [259], [260];
  • canoe landau, [266]
• landaulet, [210], [230], [234], [264]
• Lassells, George, [71]
• Laurie & Marner, [271]
• Laval, René de, [58]
• Leadenhall Street, [181], [184]
• “leathern-conveniency,” [163], [238]
• lectica, [29], [36], [86];
  • lecticarii, [36]
• Leek, John, [71]
• Leith, [90]
• Lenthall, Speaker, [113]
• Leominster, [180], [185]
• Leopold, the Emperor, [119], [160]
• Ligne, Prince de, [125]
• lilies, a common form of decoration, [52]
• Lincoln’s Inn Fields, [129]
• Lincolnshire, [95]
• litter, Grecian, [26];
  • Roman, [29];
  • Babylonian, [36];
  • mentioned, 36, 45, 52 et seq., [69];
  • on wheels, [49]
• Liverpool, [251] n.
• Livy, [40] n.
• Lombardy, [33] n.
• London, [43], [57], [61], [69], [74], [86], [89], [90], [100], [102], [111], [120], [135], [136], [143]-145, [149], [160], [176], [189], [192], [196], [216], [221], [236] n., [241] n., [242], [245], [246], [248], [250], [253], [255], [258], [262], [277], [280]
• London Spy, The, [154]
• Longacre, [189]
• Lonsdale, Earl of, [272], [275]
• Lords, House of, [114]
• Louis II, of Hungary, [65]
• Louis XIII, [121]
• Louis XV, [101]
• Louterell Psalter, [46], [48]
• Love in a Wood, [122]
• Lowther, Mr., [129]
• Loyd, Lady Mary, [153] n.
• Lucas, John, coachbuilder, [222]
• Luttrell, Mr., [159]
• Lye, [63]
• Lyly, John, [58]
• Lyon, John, [57]
  
• Macaulay, Lord, [61]
• Macpherson, [68]
• M’Adam, James, [178], [185], [205]
• Madrid, [151], [206]
• mail-coach, [89], [136], [205], [215], [218], [240], [242], [246]
• Malvern cart, [235], [279]
• Mann, Sir Horace, [185], [198]
• Manners, Henry, 2nd Earl of Rutland, [70];
  • 4th Earl of Rutland, [71], [89]
• Manton, [191]
• March, Earl of, [188], [189]
• Marco Polo, [37]
• Maretto, Giovanna Batta, [69]
• Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, [53]
• Marillier, H. C., [281], [283]
• market cart, Welsh, [239]
• Markland, J. H., [54], [102]
• Martial, [36]
• Mary, Queen, [55], [71]
• Mary de Medicis, [55]
• Massachusetts, [276]
• Massinger, Philip, [83], [87] n.
• Matthew of Westminster, [53]
• “Maypole,” The, [88]
• Megiddo, battle of, [21]
• Meliadus, le Roman du Roy, [48]
• Menange, [63]
• Menshikof, [153]
• Merchant of Venice, [79]
• metal roads, [205]
• Mexico, [221]
• Middlesex Election, The, [213]
• Milan, [50], [110]
• Mile End, [49]
• milord, [233], [266]
• Milton, Rev. William, [217], [218]
• minibus, [249]
• Mirabeau, G. H., [208]
• Misson, M., [112]
• Modern Carriages, [251] n.
• Modern Morning, A, [198]
• Molyneux, Mr., [142]
• monarchus, [32] n.
• Monboddo, Lord, [60]
• monks as roadmakers, [42]
• Monmouth, Duke of, [120]
• Montagu, Lady M. W., [152], [160]
• Montbrun, M. de, [99]
• Moore, Francis, [192], [250]
• Moore, Henry Charles, [136], [246], [249], [250] n.
• Morgan, Messrs., coachbuilders, [273]
• Morison, Fynes, [89]
• mourning chariot, [157]
• Much Ado about Nothing, [212]
• Murrey, Sir Frederick, [117]
• Musée Cluny, [69]
• My Journie, [74]
• Mysore, Maharajah of, [239]
  
• Nahum, [24]
• Naples, [33] n., [50], [140], [160];
  • Neapolitans, the, [87]
• Napoleon, [206]
• Nero, [34]
• Newark, [53]
• Newenham, [43]
• Newmarket, [188]
• Newport cart, [235]
• New York, [23]
• Nineveh, [24]
• noddy, [238], [239]
• Nonesuch, [77]
• Norfolk, [178]
• norimon, [108]
• Norris, Sir John, [59]
• Northampton, [176]
• Northanger Abbey, [199]
• Northumberland, Earl of, [61]
• Norway, [140], [224]
• Norwich, [73]
• Norwich cart, [235]
• Nott, Dr., [236]
• Numa, [33]
• Nuremberg, [66]
  
• Okey, Mr., [252]
• Oldenburgh, Count of, [112]
• Olivarez, Duke of, [151]
• omnibus, [138], [165], [169], [247], [252] et seq., [272], [279]-282;
  • omnibus slice, [249]
• Omnibuses and Cabs, 136n., 246n.
• one-horse cars, 251n.
• Onslow, Colonel Tommy (Lord Cranley), [211]
• Orators, The Female, [105]
• Orleans, [110]
• Orsay, Count D’, [277]
• Ostend, [110]
• Oxford, Lord, [122]
  
• Paddington, [247], [253]
• Palestine, [24]
• Pall Mall, [133]
• Palmer, John, [205], [215], [241]
• Paris, [44], [58], [69], [90], [99]-101, [109]-111, [120], [127], [136], [138], [169], [172] n., [198], [207], [208], [226], [244], [245], [252], [253], [258], [262], [266], [281]
• Parma, [124]
• Pascal, Blaise, [136], [138]
• Pegge, Samuel, [91]
• pegma, [32]
• πείρινς, [25]
• Pen, Sir William, [118]
• Penn, William, [221]
• Pepys, Samuel, [74], [111], [116], [117], [118], [120], [121], [122], [125];
  • his coach, [126] et seq.;
  • Mrs. Pepys, [127];
  • Roger Pepys, [130]
• perambulator, [108]
• perch, [119]
• perithron, [272]
• Peru, [220]
• Peter the Great, [153]
• Peter the Great, [153] n.
• Peterborough, Lady, [120], [121]
• Petersburg, [153], [259]
• Petersham, Lord, [235]
• Petty, Sir William, [142]
• Petworth, [149]
• Pfeiffer, Madame, [223]
• phaeton, [34], [175], [192], [193], [195]-198, [200], [210], [212], [214], [227] n., [228] n., [234], [237], [238], [242], [262], [269], [275];
  • perch-high phaeton, [211], [234], [269];
  • one-horse phaeton, [212];
  • pony phaeton, [212], [267];
  • spider phaeton, [270];
  • phaeton chaise, [199];
  • mail-phaeton, [257], [269];
  • basket phaeton, [257], [270];
  • demi-mail phaeton, [269];
  • Beaufort phaeton, 269.
  • See also cab-phaeton
• Phaeton, The New Fashioned, [192]
• Phaeton, and the One Horse Chair, The, [193]
• Phaetona, or Modern Female Taste, [197]
• Philip the Fair, [44]
• Philistia, [24]
• φορεῖον, [26], [36], [86]
• Piacenza, [124]
• Pickering, Mr., [131]
• Pickwick, [105]
• Pierce, Sir Harry, [97]
• Piers the Plowman, [42]
• pilentum, [32], [34], [233], [271] n.
• Pilkington, George, [71]
• Pinch, the Social, [105]
• Pius IV, Pope, [58]
• Plane Truth, [132]
• plaustrum, [31], [32], [33]
• Pliny, [34]
• plostellum, [32] n.
• Pomerania, [90]
• Pontife Brothers, [42]
• Portland, Duke of, [272]
• Portsmouth, [149]
• Portugal, [20], [235]
• post-chaise, [32] n., 165, 170 et seq., [198], [200], [205], [210], [219], [220], [231];
  • cost of, [210];
  • post-coach, [200];
  • post-landau, [200]
• postilion, [26], [31], [47], [50], [83], [113], [156], [168], [171], [190], [196], [199], [220], [260], [270] n., [275]
• Povey, Thomas, [126], [128], [129], [135]
• Princess car, [279]
• Prior, Matthew, [156]
• Procopius, [28]
• Provoked Husband, The, [144]
• Prussia, Duke of, [118]
• Public Advertiser, [181]
• Pultowa, [254]
• Punch, [270]
  
• quar obus, [252]
  
• raft, primitive, [18]
• Ralli car, [278]
• Ramée, M., [61], [169]
• Ramses II, [21], [21]
• rath, [271] n.
• Raworth, Robert, [92]
• reda, [32], [35];
  • reda caballaria, [53]
• Rejected Addresses, [214] n.
• Reports on Carriages, [262]
• rib chair, [214], [235]
• Richard II, [42], [48], [49], [53]
• Richmond, Duchess of (Arabella Stewart), [140] n.
• Rippon, Walter, [70], [71], [77]
• roads, [28], [43], [56]
• Robertson, coachbuilder, [273]
• Rochead, Mrs., [106]
• rockaway, [236]
• rolling-carts, [181], [189];
  • rollers used, [179], [180], [181], [184], [185]
• Rome, [28], [29], [32]-36, [123], [124], [211]
• Rosencrantz, Baron, [190]
• Ross-shire, [105]
• Rothschild, Baron, [267]
• Rouanès, Duc de, [136]
• Roubo, M., [121]
• Rouen, [270] n.
• Rouland, Roger, [48]
• roulette. See brouette.
• Rowe, James, [166]
• Royal Society, [116], [117], [142]
• Russia, [153], [223]
• Rutland, Earl of. See Manners
• Ryly, “embroderer,” [78]
  
• Saint James’s, 104, 105 [190]
• Salisbury Court, [130]
• Salvard, Lord of Rousillon, [50]
• Samuel, Sir Marcus, [260]
• Sardanapalus, [82]
• sarracum, [31]-33
• Saxony, Elector of, [57]
• Schenectady, [236]
• Scotland, [87], [90], [110], [143], [161], [162], [220]
• Scott, Sir Walter, [167], [168]
• Screven, Thomas, [76], [77]
• Scythes used for chariots, [30], [39], [40] n.
• Scythian cart, [37]
• Sedan, [85], [95]
• Sedan cart, [100]
• Sedan chair. See chair
• Sedanny, [95]
• Sefton, Earl of, [265]
• sella, [36];
  • sella portatoria, [37];
  • sella muliebris, [37]
• Selwyn, George, [102]
• Seneca, [30], [31]
• Sentimental Journey, [171]
• Shakespeare, William, [88] n.
• Sharpe, James, [181], [184], [185]
• shay, [140], [221], [222], [246]
• shaze. See chaise
• Shillibeer, George, [253], [254], [280]
• Shippon, General, [55]
• Shooter’s Hill, [117]
• Sidney, Sir Philip, [59]
• Siegmund, Baron de Herberstein, [65]
• Sinclair, Sir John, [217]
• six-wheeled carriage, [237]
• Sketches by Boz, [242]
• Sketches of English Society, [105]
• σκιμπόδιον. See φορεῖον
• sled, [18] n.
• sledge, [18], [171], [224], [225]
• sleigh, [18] n., [276]
• sliding body, [235]
• Smith, Horace, [214] n.
• Smith, Sir Sidney, [237]
• Smithfield, [131], [198]
• sociable, [26], [147], [213], [257];
  • public sociable, [236]
• Society of Arts and Sciences, [185]
• Soissons, Duc de, [125]
• Soliman, Emperor of Turkey, [63]
• Solomon, [24]
• Somerset House, [159]
• Sophia, [152]
• Soult, Marshal, [258]
• Sourches, Marquis de, [136]
• Southampton, [216], [267]
• Southampton, Countess of, [76]
• South Kensington, [140], [206], [207], [225]
• Spain, [62], [69], [86], [88], [121], [125], [151], [165], [169], [170];
  • King of, [169]
• Speaker, Mr., [113];
  • his coach and privileges, [113], [114]
• Spectator, The, [151]
• Spenser, Edmund, [62] n.
• springs, steel, first applied to brouette, [100];
  • Knapp’s patent, [115], [205], [227] n., [228] n.
• Squyr of Low Degree, The, [52]
• Stafford, Lord, [88], [91]
• stage-coach, [89], [123], [135], [136], [144], [167], [182], [183], [205], [214]-218, [222], [227] n.
• Stage-Coach and Mail in Days of Yore, [135] n., [215] n.
• Stage-Coaches, The Dangers of Travelling in, [217] n.
• stage-waggon, [89], [222]
• Stanhope, Hon. Philip, [235]
• stanhope, [235], [275];
  • stanhope phaeton, [257], [269]
• Staple of News, [79]
• state coach, [123]-125, [159], [186], [188], [257];
  • of Great Britain, [185] et seq.;
  • Lord Mayor’s, [188]
• station wagon, [275]
• steam-carriage, [255]
• Steele, Sir Richard, [103], [160]
• Sterne, Lawrence, [171], [172]
• Stopford, Mrs. Diana, [97]
• Stowe, John, [48], [70], [75]
• Strand, the, [88], [92], [185]
• Stratford-le-bowe, [84]
• Stratton, Ezra N., [18] n., [21] n., [22] n., [23] n., [32] n., [50] n., [220], [224], [267]
• Strogonoff, Count, [259]
• Strutt, [46]
• Suetonius, [37]
• suicide gig, [214]
• sulky, [210], [236], [273]
• surrey, [275]
• suspension, early attempts at, [35], [46], [64];
  • new ideas on, [67], [77]
• Suspension of Road Carriages, [276] n.
• Sutton, founder of the Charterhouse, [57]
• swing-poles, [34]
• Swinstead Abbey, [53]
• Switzerland, [224], [273]
• Syria, [24]
  
• Taaff, Theobald, [188]
• talc used for windows, [36], [121], [154]
• tandem cart, [235], [278]
• taranta, [223], [224]
• Tarquin, [33]
• Tartar carriage, [37]
• Tatler, The, [103], [160]
• Taurinum, [65]
• tax on coaches, [173], [174]
• Taylor, John, [59], [60], [65], [69], [70], [73], [75], [78]-80, [82]-84, [90]
• T-cart, [269]
• telashka, [224]
• teleka, [224]
• Temple, The, [131];
  • Temple Bar, [165]
• Thiefe, The, [83]
• Thorpe, John, [199]
• three-wheeled carriage, [236];
  • — cab, [236] n.
• Thrupp, G. A., [24], [27], [35], [40], [52], [66], [67], [69], [119], [120] n., [124], [140], [170], [185], [206], [229], [232], [257], [258], [268], [272], [273], [275]
• Thurloe, Mr. Secretary, [112]
• Thutmose III, [21]
• “tiger,” the, [277]
• Tilbury, coachbuilder, [234], [235]
• tilbury, [227] n., [228] n., [234], [235], [242]
• Timoleon, [27]
• tim-whisky, [182]
• tonga, [279]
• Toulouse, [139]
• Tower of London, [49], [55] n., [84]
• Town & Country Magazine, [197]
• traineau, [171]
• Travelling, Past and Present, A Book about, [84] n.
• treckscuyt, [171]
• Treves, [31]
• tribus, [252]
• Tristram Shandy, [171]
• Tron Church, [106]
• Trull, John, [170]
• tub-bodied gig, [236]
• Tuileries, The, [110]
• Tu Quoque, [83]
• Turkey, [115], [152]
• Turner, Mr., [130]
• turnpikes, [179]
• Tuscany, Grand Duke of, [102];
  • Lady Margaret of, [123]
• Tussaud’s exhibition, [206]
• Twining, Thomas, [222]
• Tyler, Wat, [48]
• tympanum, [32]
  
• Utrecht, Peace of, [151]
  
• Vanaigrette. See brouette
• Vanbrugh, Sir John, [144]
• Venice, [102] n.
• Verona, [67], [69]
• Vic, Sir Henry de, [110]
• Victoria, Queen, [205], [212], [255], [258], [261], [267]
• victoria, [212], [234], [264], [266]-268
• Vidler, coachbuilder, [261]
• Vienna, [119], [206], [266], [267]
• vigoureux, [169]
• vis-à-vis, [119], [141], [172], [207], [210]
• volante, [140], [236]
• Voyages and Discoveries, Collection of, [107]
  
• Waade, Sir William, [84]
• Wachten, [63]
• waggon, primitive, [20];
  • Roman, [32], [180];
  • wagon, American, [273]
  • waggonette, [257], [272], [273], [279];
  • Portland waggonette, [272];
  • Lonsdale waggonette, [272]
• Wales, [239]
• Wales, Princess of (Queen Alexandra), [267]
• Waliszewski, K., [53]
• Wallachia, [35]
• Walpole, Horace, [147], [148], [185], [186], [198]
• Walsingham House, [77]
• Ward, Ned, [154], [163]-165
• Warren, Sir William, [130]
• Warton, Thomas, [193]
• Warwick, [72]
• Waude, coachbuilder, [261]
• Weld, Isaac, [222]
• Westminster, [43], [55] n., [90];
  • Westminster Bridge, [196]
• Westmorland, [57], [272]
• wheel, primitive, [17], [19];
  • how made, [20];
  • Egyptian, [24];
  • war of the wheels, [176] et seq.
• whirlicote, [48], [49], [62], [63]
• whiskey, [213], [214]
• White, H. A., [22], [24]
• Whitechapel cart, [235], [278]
• Whitehall, [84], [129], [133]
• Wicliffe, [49]
• Wilkes, John, [104], [171]
• Wilkins, Dean, [117]
• William Rufus, [53]
• William IV, [261]
• William of Malmesbury, [53]
• Williams, Oakley, [113]
• Williams, Sir Roger, [59]
• Willoughby, Lord Grey and, [59]
• Wilson, Arthur, [61] n., [86], [87]
• Windsor, [149]
• windsor chair, [200]
• Wolverhampton, [279]
• World on Wheels, The, [18] n., [39] n., [257]
• World runnes on Wheels; or Oddes Betwixt Carts and Coaches, The, [81]
• Wright, Edward, [33] n., [225]
• Wright, John, [189]
• Wright, William, [76]
  
• Xerxes, [26]
  
• Yarmouth cart, [35]
• York, Duke of, [120], [132]
• Yorkshire, [144]

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