A translation of Glanville

by Ranulf de Glanville

The first ten books of the treatise are carefully written, the commentary is full, the subject well developed. The last four books, on the other hand, seem to have been hurriedly thrown together. The proportion of writ to text is more than twice that in the preceding books; indeed, in the book devoted to the County Courts (in which Glanville had presided for years, and must have become as familiar with the law and procedure as with those of the King’s Courts), there is almost no comment. It seems possible that a proposed full commentary on the County Court practice, for which an elaborate collection of writs was at hand, was abandoned.

The exact date of the work is fixed by the only two dated documents—two fines, of June 27 and about November 1, 1187. Fines were then novel, and they were described carefully. It seems likely that the passage, which occurs toward the end of the treatise, was written soon after the dates of enrollment. Both fines were enrolled in Glanville’s presence.

We may now conjecture that the author, or authors, of the treatise had for years been collecting writs, either for preservation as useful precedents, or possibly with the object of composing a commentary upon them. The collection finished, it would not be a matter of much time or difficulty for one who knew the law, writs in hand, to dictate his commentary to a secretary also learned in the law. If the collector was Glanville, and the secretary Hubert, we may suppose that the actual work of composition was begun in 1185, or 1186; not, apparently, a time of strenuous labor for either. Passages of particular importance or of especial interest to Glanville would be composed by him with care; the actual form of the remainder might safely be left to his competent secretary, subject only to revision by himself. In 1186 the Dean of York died, and the succession was given to Hubert; and Glanville soon set out on his embassy to the King of France. In spite of this, however, time still remained for the completion of the work in the rather less polished form of the later books. In February, 1187, Glanville and Hubert were sitting together in the Court at Westminster; and from that month to the beginning of 1189 (with the exception of Lent, 1188, when Glanville was preaching his crusade in Wales), both appear to have remained in England, without serious interruption from public business. The year 1188, in fact, seems to have been one of the least busy of Glanville’s official life; and, until his time was absorbed by the troubles of the closing year of the reign, there was nothing to prevent a continuance of the work. The last hurried chapters may well, therefore, have been completed in 1188.

There is, then, nothing against the early and persistent tradition that Glanville wrote the treatise, and much in its favor; though most of the actual composition may have been the work of Hubert Walter.

[The fullest discussion of the authorship of “Glanville” may be found in Pollock and Maitland’s “History of the English Law,” i, 163. Reeves’ discussion (“History of the English Law,” Finlayson’s Edition, i, 254) and Foss’s (“Judges of England,” i, 180) are also worth consulting upon this point. Liebermann (“Einleitung,” p. 73) supports the theory of Glanville’s authorship; and in the “Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie,” xix, 81, he gives interesting proof of the early popularity of the treatise. See also Professor Maitland’s article, “Glanville Revised,” in the Harvard Law Review, vi, 1.

The life and character of Hubert may be found in the “Actus Pontificum Cantuariensium” of Gervase. Glanville’s and Hubert’s itineraries may be found in Eyton’s “Itinerary of Henry II.”]

III. THE CHARACTER OF THE TREATISE.

“A Treatise on the Law and Customs of the Kingdom of England” is the earliest systematic treatise on law written in modern times. A few collections of law and decretals, like the Decretum of Gratian and the “Assises of Jerusalem,” had, to be sure, been published earlier; but they were not, like this book, regular expositions of an existing system of law. Bracton’s work was modelled on Glanville, and, through Bracton, Glanville thus fixed the type of the modern commentary on law. An imitation, in many parts an exact copy, of this book was later published in Scotland under the title “Regiam Majestatem,” and the claim was vigorously made for a time that it was the original, Glanville the imitation. This notion, improbable on its face, was absolutely disproved by arguments set forth in Beames’ [Introduction].

The first edition of the treatise was printed by R. Tottel in small 12mo, about the year 1554. Coke says that this was done by suggestion of Sir William Stanford, the learned judge and author. The second edition was printed by Thomas Wright in 1604. The text was corrected by the collation of “various manuscripts.” This edition was exactly reprinted, omitting the [preface], in 1673. The treatise was again printed in the first volume of Houard’s “Traités sur les Coutumes Anglo-Normandes” in quarto, Rouen, 1776. The last Latin edition was published by John Rayner, 8vo, 1780, collated with the Bodleian, the Cottonian, the Harleian and Doctor Milles’s manuscripts by J.E. Wilmot. The Latin text is also printed as an appendix to Phillips’s “Englische Reichs und Rechtsgeschichte,” ii, 335: Berlin, 1828. A collation of Glanville with the “Regiam Majestatem” may be found in the Acts of the Parliament of Scotland, i, 133. An English translation by John Beames, with notes, was published in octavo, London, 1812, and is reprinted in the present edition.

This treatise is more than a mere law book. It is a monument to the genius of one of the greatest legal reformers of all time. Henry II. came to the throne, after a long period of anarchy, to find countless systems of law administered by a confused and confusing mass of popular courts and feudal courts. He at once set himself to bring order and unity out of anarchy and chaos. He made the King’s Court the common court of the land; he determined its jurisdiction as against the church, the lords and the sheriffs; and he made it the guardian of a King’s peace, which should protect high and low throughout the whole land. The establishment of peace was in fact the chief object of his stormy career. Glanville’s treatise shows us the method he took to secure his object.