Because of the aquatic habits of the cottonmouth, relative humidity probably has little influence on the snake's activity. However, cottonmouths are more restricted to the vicinity of water in dry weather than during rains or muggy weather when many of their natural prey species also move about more freely. Increased activity on cloudy days may result from protection from long exposure to sunshine. Torrential rains and floods, such as those following hurricanes along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the southeastern United States, bring out quantities of snakes of all species. Rattlesnakes and cottonmouths in particular are killed by the thousands at these times because they seek shelter in human habitations. However, these are unusual circumstances and do not reflect voluntary activity as a result of preferences.
Thermal reactions of reptiles were classified by Cowles and Bogert (1944) into several categories. For each species there is a basking and normal activity range limited by the voluntary minimum and voluntary maximum at which the animal seeks shelter. Beyond this normal range are the critical thermal minimum and critical thermal maximum (C. T. M.) at which effective locomotion is prevented. The lethal minimum and maximum are those temperatures at which short exposure produces irreparable damage, and death inevitably results. These classifications are modified somewhat by seasonal or laboratory acclimation or by the physiological state of the animal. The C. T. M. of five cottonmouths was determined by placing each individual in an enclosed area and heating it with an infrared lamp. Cloacal temperatures were taken with a Schultheis quick-recording thermometer as soon as the snake could no longer right itself when placed on its back. All temperatures were in degrees Celcius. The C. T. M. averaged 39.2° (38.0° to 40.0°). A temperature of 38.0° was lethal to one individual. These cottonmouths had been in captivity for nine months. The behavior of the snakes during heating resembled those instances described by Klauber (1956:382-387) for rattlesnakes. As the body temperature of the snakes rose past the optimum, each individual became disturbed and tried to escape from the enclosure. The snakes soon became frantic in their efforts to escape. After about five minutes the mouth was opened and heavy, slow breathing was begun, accompanied by a loss of coordination and a slowing down of movements. The snakes writhed spasmodically for a few seconds and then lay still, usually with the mouth open. Recovery was begun by rolling on the belly and flicking the tongue, followed by movements of the head and then the body. Cottonmouths are rarely exposed to dangerously high temperatures owing to their semi-aquatic habits, but there are probably occasions when individuals reach the C. T. M. for the species.
Basking
Since activity, digestion, and gestation depend upon adequate internal temperatures, there must be a process by which these temperatures are attained and for an appropriate time maintained. Basking is important in this respect. The cottonmouths prefer to lie in a coiled position and, during basking, can usually be found beside bodies of water or on branches of dead trees overhanging the water. They are good climbers and have a prehensile tail that is frequently employed in descending from small branches. Since cottonmouths are semi-aquatic and are often exposed to temperatures that are lower than those of the air, they either must bask more often than terrestrial snakes or tolerate lower temperatures. Length of the period of basking is determined not only by amounts of insolation and temperature but also by the size of the snake. A smaller snake can reach its optimum temperature more rapidly because of a higher surface-to-volume ratio. Another factor that may play a minor role in the rate of temperature change is the color of the snake. The wide variation in color of cottonmouths probably affects rates of heat increase and loss due to direct radiation. Slight hormonal control of melanophores described in snakes by Neill and Allen (1955) also may exert some influence on the length of time spent basking. No rates of temperature increase or decrease are available for cottonmouths.
Coiling
While inactive the cottonmouth spends most of its time lying in a coiled position with the tail outermost, with the body usually wound into about one and one-half cycles, and the head and neck in a reversed direction forming a U- or S-shaped loop. From this position the snake is able to make a short strike or a hasty getaway if necessary. In my opinion this position is used primarily for basking or resting and only secondarily for feeding. Most individuals appear to pursue their prey actively, not lying in ambush for the approaching prey to the extent that most other crotalids do.
Many of the cottonmouths that I kept in captivity were observed in a coiled position for periods up to three or four days. Under natural conditions, however, they are more active. Young cottonmouths are inclined to remain in a coiled position for longer periods than older individuals.
Locomotion
Four distinct types of locomotion have been described in snakes: horizontal undulatory, rectilinear, sidewinding, and concertina (Klauber, 1956: 331-350). Most snakes are capable of employing two or more of these types of progression, at least to a certain degree; but horizontal undulatory locomotion is the most common method used by the majority of snakes, including the cottonmouth. In this method the snake's body is thrown into lateral undulations that conform with irregularities in the substrate. Pressure is exerted on the outside and posterior surface of each curve, thus forcing the body forward.