CHAPTER V
INTERACTION OF FACTORS
We have now reached a point at which it is possible to formulate a definite conception of the living organism. A plant or animal is a living entity whose properties may in large measure be expressed in terms of unit-characters, and it is the possession of a greater or lesser number of such unit-characters renders it possible for us to draw sharp distinctions between one individual and another. These unit-characters are represented by definite factors in the gamete which in the process of heredity behave as indivisible entities, and are distributed according to a definite scheme. The factor for this or that unit-character is either present in the gamete or it is not present. It must be there in its entirety or completely absent. Such at any rate is the view to which recent experiment has led us. But as to the nature of these factors, the conditions under which they exist in the gamete, and the manner in which they produce their specific effects in the zygote, we are at present almost completely in the dark.
The case of the fowls' combs opens up the important question of the extent to which the various factors can
influence one another in the zygote. The rose and the pea factors are separate entities, and each when present alone produces a perfectly distinct and characteristic effect upon the single comb, turning it into a rose or a pea as the case may be. But when both are present in the same zygote their combined effect is to produce the walnut comb, a comb which is quite distinct from either and in no sense intermediate between them. The question of the influence of factors upon one another did not present itself to Mendel because he worked with characters which affected different parts of the plant. It was unlikely that the factor which led to the production of colour in the flower would affect the shape of the pod, or that the height of the plant would be influenced by the presence or absence of the factor that determined the shape of the ripe seed. But when several factors can modify the same structure it is reasonable to suppose that they will influence one another in the effects which their simultaneous presence has upon the zygote. By themselves the pea and the rose factors each produce a definite modification of the single comb, but when both are present in the zygote, whether as a single or double dose, the modification that results is quite different to that produced by either when present alone. Thus we are led to the conception of characters which depend for their manifestation on more than one factor in the zygote, and in the present chapter we may consider a few of the
phenomena which result from such interaction between separate and distinct factors.
