FOOTNOTES:
[1] A great nation, said Disraeli, is a nation which produces great men.
[2] Ordonnances du 26 Juillet, 1830. A royal Decree issued by Charles X under the advice of his minister, Prince de Polignac; it was based on a misreading of one of the articles of the Charter of 1814, and dissolved the new Chamber of Deputies before it had even assembled; it suppressed the freedom of the Press and created a new electoral system to the advantage of the royalist party. These ordonnances were the cause of the 1830 Revolution, which placed Louis Philippe of Orleans on the Throne. [Trans.]
[3] Ecole Normale Supérieure, under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, founded in 1808 by Napoleon I, with the object of training young professors. Candidates must (1) be older than eighteen and younger than twenty-one; (2) pass one written and one vivâ voce examination; (3) be already in possession of their diploma as bachelier of science or of letters, according to the branch of studies which they wish to take up; and (4) sign an engagement for ten years’ work in public instruction. The professors of the Ecole Normale take the title of Maître des Conférences. [Trans.]
[4] Baccalauréat (low Latin bachalariatus), first degree taken in a French Faculty; the next is licence, and the next doctorate. It is much more elementary than a bachelor’s degree in an English university. There are two baccalauréats: (1) the baccalauréat ès lettres required of candidates for the Faculties of Medicine and of Law, to the Ecole Normale Supérieure and to several public offices; (2) the baccalauréat ès sciences, required for admission to the Schools of Medicine and of Pharmacy, to the Ecole Normale Supérieure (scientific section), and the Polytechnic, Military and Foresters’ Schools. [Trans.]
[5] Philosophie class. In French secondary schools or lycées the forms or classes, in Pasteur’s time, were arranged as follows, starting from the bottom—
| 1º | huitième. | |
| 2º | septième. | |
| 6º | sixième (French grammar was begun). | |
| 5º | cinquième (Latin was begun). | |
| 6º | quatrième (Greek was begun). | |
| 7º | troisième. | |
| 8º | seconde. | |
| | | ||
| 9º | Mathématiques élémentaires. | Rhétorique. |
| 10º | Mathématiques spéciales. | Philosophie. |
The seconde students who intended to pass their baccalauréat ès sciences went into the mathématiques élémentaires class, whilst those who were destined for letters or the law entered the rhétorique class, from which they went on to the philosophie class. [Trans.]
[6] Prix Montyon: a series of prizes founded at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Baron de Montyon, a distinguished philanthropist, and conferred on literary works for their moral worth, and on individuals for acts of private virtue or self-sacrifice. The laureates are chosen every year by the Académie Française, and in this way many obscure heroes are deservedly rewarded, and many excellent books brought to public notice. [Trans.]
[7] Sorbonne. Name given to the Paris Faculty of Theology and the buildings in which it was established. It was originally intended by its founder, Robert de Sorbon (who was chaplain to St. Louis, King of France, 1270) as a special establishment to facilitate theological studies for poor students. This college became one of the most celebrated in the world, and produced so many clever theologians that it gave its name to all the members of the Faculty of Theology. It was closed during the Revolution in 1789, and its buildings, which had been restored by Richelieu in the seventeenth century, were given to the Université in 1808. Since 1821 they have been the seat of the Universitarian Academy of Paris, and used for the lectures of the Faculties of Theology, of Letters, and of Sciences. [Trans.]