54. The origin of Islam in its Christian environment, by R. Bell (London, 1926).
55. Annali dell' Islām, by Leone Caetani, Principe di Teano, vol. i (Milan, 1905).
Besides a very full and readable historical introduction this magnificent work contains a detailed account of Muḥammad's life during the first six years after the Hijra (622-628 a.d.).
56. The Koran, translated into English with notes and a preliminary discourse, by G. Sale (London, 1734).
Sale's translation, which has been frequently reprinted, is still serviceable. Mention may also be made of the English versions by J. M. Rodwell (London and Hertford, 1861) and by E. H. Palmer (the best from a literary point of view) in vols. vi and ix of 'The Sacred Books of the East' (Oxford, 1880); reprinted in The World's Classics, vol. 328.
57. Geschichte des Qorâns, by Th. Nöldeke, 2nd ed., revised by F. Schwally (Leipzig, 1909-19).
Cf. Nöldeke's essay, 'The Koran,' in Sketches from Eastern History, pp. 21-59, or his article in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
58. The Teaching of the Qur’ān, by H. W. Stanton (London, 1920).
V
THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPHATE.
59. The Caliphate, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1924).
60. Geschichte der Chalifen, by G. Weil, 3 vols. (Mannheim, 1846-51).
Completed by the same author's Geschichte des Abbasiden-Chalifats in Egypten, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1860-62).