A Literary History of the Arabs

by Reynold Alleyne Nicholson

[868] Translated into Arabic verse by Sulaymán al-Bistání (Cairo, 1904). See Professor Margoliouth's interesting notice of this work in the J.R.A.S. for 1905, p. 417 sqq.

[869] H. A. R. Gibb, Studies in contemporary Arabic literature, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, vol. iv, pt. 4, p. 746; cf. also vol. v, pt. 2, p. 311 foll. Mr Gibb has given references to the chief works on the subject, but for the sake of those who do not read Arabic or Russian it may be hoped that he will continue and complete his own survey, to which there is nothing simile aut secundum in English.

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>INDEX

In the following Index it has been found necessary to omit the accents indicating the long vowels, and the dots which are used in the text to distinguish letters of similar pronunciation. On the other hand, the definite article al has been prefixed throughout to those Arabic names which it properly precedes; it is sometimes written in full, but is generally denoted by a hyphen, e.g. -‘Abbas for al-‘Abbas. Names of books, as well as Oriental words and technical terms explained in the text, are printed in italics. Where a number of references occur under one heading, the more important are, as a rule, shown by means of thicker type.

• A
• Aaron, [215], [273]
• ‘Abbad, [421]
• ‘Abbadid dynasty, the, [414], [421]-424, [431]
• -‘Abbas, [146], [249], [250], [251]
• -‘Abbas b. -Ahnaf (poet), [261]
• ‘Abbasa, [261]
• ‘Abbasid history, two periods of, [257]
• ‘Abbasid propaganda, the, [249]-251
• ‘Abbasids, the, [a]xxviii], [a]xxix], [a]xxx], [65], [181], [182], [193], [194], [220], [249]-253, [254]-284, [287]-291, [365]-367, [373]
• ‘Abdullah, father of the Prophet, [a]xxvii], [146], [148], [250]
• ‘Abdullah, brother of Durayd b. -Simma, [83]
• ‘Abdullah, the Amir (Spanish Umayyad), [411]
• ‘Abdullah b. -‘Abbas, [145], [237], [249]
• ‘Abdullah b. Hamdan, [269]
• ‘Abdullah b. Ibad, [211]
• ‘Abdullah b. Mas‘ud, [352]
• ‘Abdullah b. Maymun al-Qaddah, [271]-274, [363]
• ‘Abdullah. b. Muhammad b. Adham, [423]
• ‘Abdullah b. -Mu‘tazz. See Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz
• ‘Abdullah b. Saba, [215], [216]
• ‘Abdullah b. Tahir, [129]
• ‘Abdullah b. Ubayy, [172]
• ‘Abdullah b. Yasin al-Kuzuli, [430]
• Abdullah b. -Zubayr, [198], [199], [200], [202]
• ‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz (Marinid), [436]
• ‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, brother of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, [200]
• ‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, son of Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, [466]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Ghani al-Nabulusi, [402]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Hamid, [267]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), [200]-202, [206], [209], [224], [240], [242], [244], [247], [349], [407]
• ‘Abd Manaf, [146]
• ‘Abdu, ’l-Mu’min (Almohade), [432]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Muttalib, [66]-68, [146], [148], [154], [250]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Baghdadi, [131]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Jili, [393]
• ‘Abd al-Qays (tribe), [94]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman I, the Umayyad, [253], [264], [405]-407, [417], [418]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman II (Spanish Umayyad), [409], [418]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman III (Spanish Umayyad), [411]-412, [420], [425]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman V (Spanish Umayyad), [426]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman b. ‘Awf, [186]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Razzaq-Kashani, [402]
• ‘Abd Shams, [146]
• ‘Abd Shams Saba, [14]
• ‘Abdu ’l-‘Uzza, [159]
• ‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabite sect. See Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab.
• ‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab al-Sha‘rani. See -Sha‘rani
• ‘Abdu ’l-Wahid of Morocco (historian), [431], [433]
• ‘Abid b. -Abras (poet), [39], [44], [86], [101]
• ‘Abid b. Sharya, [13], [19], [247]
• ‘Abida b. Hilal, [239]
• ‘Abir, [a]xviii]
• ‘Abla, [115]
• -Ablaq, (name of a castle), [84]
• Ablutions, the ceremonial, incumbent on Moslems, [149]
• -Abna, [29]
• Abraha, [6], [15], [28], [65]-8 Abraham, [a]xviii], [22], [62], [63], [66], [149], [150], [165], [172], [177]
• Abraham, the religion of, [62], [149], [177]
• ‘Abs (tribe), [a]xix], [61], [88], [114]-117
• Absal, [433]
• Abu ’l-‘Abbas (Marinid), [436]
• Abu ’l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Marsi, [327]
• Abu ’l-‘Abbas al-Nami (poet), [270]
• Abu ’l-‘Abbas-Saffah, [182], [253].
  • See -Saffah
• Abu ‘Abdallah Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), [437]
• Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, [338]
• Abu Ahmad al-Mihrajani, [370]
• Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, [166], [167], [206], [271], [289], [291], [296], [308], [313]-324, [375], [448]
• Abu ‘Ali al-Qali, [131], [420]
• Abu ‘Ali b. Sina, [265].
  • See Ibn Sina
• Abu ‘Amir, the Monk, [170]
• Abu ‘Amr b. al-‘Ala, [242], [285], [343] Abu ’l-Aswad al-Du’ili, [342], [343]
• Abu ’l-‘Atahiya (poet), [261], [291], [296]-303, [308], [312], [324], [374]
• Abu Ayman (title), [14]
• Abu Bakr (Caliph), [a]xxvii], [142], [153], [175], [180], [183], [185], [210], [214], [215], [257], [268], [297]
• Abu Bakr b. Abi ’l-Azhar, [344]
• Abu Bakr Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi of Seville, [399]
• Abu Bakr b. Mu‘awiya, [420]
• Abu Bakr al-Nabulusi, [460]
• Abu Bakr al-Razi (physician), [265].
  • See -Razi
• Abu Bakr b. ‘Umar, [430]
• Abu ’l-Darda, [225]
• Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, [337]
• Abu ’l-Faraj of Isfanan, [32], [123], [131], [270], [347], [419].
  • See Kitabu ’l-Aghani
• Abu ’l-Faraj al-Babbagha (poet), [270]
• Abu ’l-Fida (historian), [308], [316], [331], [454]
• Abu Firas al-Hamdani (poet), [270], [304]
• Abu Ghubshan, [65]
• Abu Hanifa, [222], [284], [402], [408]
• Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali b. Harun al-Zanjani, [370]
• Abu ’l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari, [284].
  • See -Ash‘ari
• Abu Hashim, the Imam, [220], [251]
• Abu Hashim, the Sufi, [229]
• Abu Hudhayl -‘Allaf, [369]
• Abu ’l-Husayn al-Nuri, [392]
• Abu ‘Imran al-Fasi, [429]
• Abu Ishaq al-Farisi. See -Istakhri
• Abu Ja‘far -Mansur, [258].
  • See -Mansur, the Caliph
• Abu Jahl, [158]
• Abu Karib, the Tubba‘, [12], [19].
  • See As‘ad Kamil
• Abu Lahab, [159], [160]
• Abu ’l-Mahasin b. Taghribirdi (historian), [257], [262], [267], [268], [350], [369], [454]
• Abu Marwan Ghaylán, [224]
• Abu Ma‘shar, [361]
• Abu Mihjan (poet), [127]
• Abu Mikhnaf, [210]
• Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari, [192], [377]
• Abu Muslim, [220], [251]-252, [375]
• Abu Nasr al-Isma‘ili, [339]
• Abu Nasr al-Sarraj, [393]
• Abu Nu‘aym al-Isfahani, [338]
• Abu Nuwas (poet), [261], [277], [286], [290], [291], [292]-296, [303], [308], [345], [375]
• Abu Qabus, kunya of -Nu’man III, [45]
• Abu ’l-Qasim Ahmad. See -Mustansir
• Abu ’l-Qasim Muhammad, the Cadi, [421]
• Abu ’l-Qasim b. -Muzaffar, [312]
• Abu ’l-Qasim al-Zahrawi, [420]
• Abu Qays b. Abi Anas, [170]
• Abu Qurra, [221]
• Abu Sa’id b. Abi ’l-Khayr, [391], [394]
• Abu Salama, [257]
• Abu Salih Mansur b. Ishaq (Samanid), [265]
• Abu ’l-Salt b. Abi Rabi’a, [69]
• Abu Shaduf, [450]
• Abu Shamir the Younger, [50]
• Abu Shamir, kunya of -Harith b. ’Amr Muharriq, [50]
• Abu Shuja’ Buwayh, [266]
• Abu Sufyan, [124], [175], [195]
• Abu Sulayman al-Darani, [384], [386], [388]
• Abu Sulayman Muhammad b. Ma‘shar al-Bayusti, [370]
• Abu Talib, uncle of the Prophet, [146], [148], [154], [157], [183], [250]
• Abu Talib al-Makki, [338], [393]
• Abu Tammam, author of the Hamasa, [79], [129]-130, [288], [316], [324], [331].
  • See -Hamasa
• Abu ’Ubayda (philologist), [94], [242], [261], [280], [343], 344, 345, [459]
• Abu ‘Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, [51]
• Abu ’l-Walid al-Baji, [428]
• Abu Yazid al-Bistami, [391].
  • See Bayazid of Bistam
• Abu Yusuf, the Cadi, [283]
• Abu Zayd of Saruj, [330], [331], [332], [335]
• Abu Zayd Muhammad al-Qurashi, [130]
• Abusir, [326]
• Abyssinia, [53], [155], [156]
• Abyssinians, the, [a]xxi];
  • in -Yemen, [5], [6], [26]-29;
  • invade the Hijaz, [66]-68
• Academy of Junde-shapur, the, [358]
• Academy of Sabur, the, [267], [314]
• ‘Ad (people), [1], [2], [3]
• adab, [283], [346]
• Adabu ’l-Katib, [346]
• Adam, [a]xxvi], [62], [63], [244], [398]
• ‘Adana (river), [15]
• ‘Adawi dervishes, the, [393]
• Adharbayjan, [17]
• ‘Adi (tribe), [233]
• ‘Adi b. ‘Amr, [94]
• ‘Adi al-Hakkari, [393]
• ‘Adi b. Marina, [244]
• ‘Adi b. Nasr, [35]
• ‘Adi b. Zayd, [40], [45]-48, [49], [138], [244]
• ‘Adiya, [85]
• Adler, [316]
• ‘Adnán, [a]xviii], [a]xix], [a]xx], [64]
• ‘Adudu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), [266], [307]
• ælius Gallus, [9]
• æthiopic language, the, [a]xvi], [a]xxi]
• Afghanistan, [268], [275]
• Africa, [xv], [a]xvi] Africa, North, [53], [203], [253], [271], [274], [405], [419], [423], [424], [429], [430], [434], [437], [439], [442], [443], [468]
• Afshin, [375]
• -Afwah al-Awdi (poet), [83]
• -Aghani. See Kitabu ’l-Agfhani
• Aghlabid dynasty, the, [264], [274], [441]
• Aghmat, [424]
• -Ahlaf, at -Hira, [38]
• Ahlu ’l-Kitab, [341]
• Ahlu ’l-Taswiya, [280].
  • See Shu‘ubites, the
• Ahlu ’l-tawhid wa-’l-‘adl, a name given to the Mu‘tazilites, [224]
• Ahlwardt, W., [76], [101], [125], [128],133, [136], [286], [293], [294], [304], [349], [454]
• Ahmad (Buwayhid), [266]
• Ahmad, brother of Ghazali, [339]
• Ahmad, father of Ibn Hazm, [426]
• Ahmad b. Hanbal, [284], [369], [376], [402]
• Ahmad al-Nahhas, [102]
• Ahmad b. Tulun, [354]
• Ahmar of Thamud, [3]
• Ahnum, [19]
• Ahqafu ’l-Raml (desert), [1]
• Ahsanu ’l-Taqasim fi ma‘rifati ’l-Aqalim, [357]
• ahwal, mystical term, [231], [391]
• -Ahwas (poet), [237]
• -Ahwaz, [271], [293]
• A‘isha, [151], [183]
• ‘Aja ’ibu ’l-Maqdur, [454]
• -‘Ajam (the non-Arabs), [277].
  • See -Mawali
• -‘Ajjaj (poet), [138]
• -Ajurrumiyya, [456]
• Akbar (Mogul Emperor), [a]xxx]
• Akhbaru ’l-Zaman, [353]
• -Akhtal (poet), [221], [238], [239]-242, [285]
• akhu ’l-safa, [370]
• Akilu ’l-Murar (surname), [42]
• -A‘lam (philologist), [128]
• Alamut, [445]
• ‘Ala’u ’l-Din Muhammad Khwarizmshah, [444]
• Albategnius, [361]
• Albucasis, [420]
• Albumaser, [361]
• Alchemists, the, [361], [387]
• Alchemy, works on, translated into Arabic, [358]
• Aleppo, [269], [270], [275], [291], [303], [305], [313], [360], [415], [446], [451], [460], [461]
• Alexander the Great, [17], [276], [358], [457]
• Alexandria, [340]
• Alexandrian Library, the, [435]
• Alf Layla wa-Layla, [456], [459].
  • See Thousand Nights and a Night and Arabian Nights
• -Alfiyya, [456]
• Alfraganus, [361]
• Algeria, [430]
• Algiers, [468]
• Alhambra, the, [435]
• ‘Ali (Buwayhid), [266]
• ‘Ali, grandson of ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid, [394]
• ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the Prophet's son-in-law, [a]xxvii], [a]xxviii], [105], [153], [181], [183], [190]-193, [194], [196], [205], [207]-211, [213]-218, [220]-222, [243], [249], [250], [251], [264], [267], [273], [274], [342], [343], [349], [377], [432], [442]
• ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, public cursing of, [205]
• ‘Ali b. -Mansur, Shaykh, [319]
• ‘Ali b. Musa b. Ja‘far al-Rida, [262], [385]
• ‘Alids, the, [258], [259], [337].
  • See ‘Ali b. Abi Talib and Shi‘ites, the
• Allah, [62], [134], [135], [164], [231], [392]
• Allah, the Muhammadan conception of, [225], [231]
• Almaqa, [18]
• Almeria, [421]
• Almohades, the, [217], [429], [431]-434 Almoravides, the, [423], [429]-431
• Alp Arslan (Seljuq), [275], [276], [340], [379]
• Alphabet, the South Arabic, [6], [8], [12]
• Alphonso VI of Castile, [422], [423], [431]
• ‘Alqama b. ‘Abada (poet), [121], [125], [128]
• ‘Alqama b. Dhi Jadan (poet), [12]
• Alvaro, Bishop of Cordova, [414]
• Amaj, [22]
• -Amali, [420].
  • See Kitabu ’l-Amali
• -Amaliq (Amalekites), [2], [3], [63]
• ‘Amidu ’l-Mulk al-Kunduri, [379]
• -Amin, the Caliph, [255], [262], [293], [343]
• Amina, mother of the Prophet, [146]
• ‘Amir b. Sa‘sa‘a (tribe), [119]
• ‘Amir b. Uhaymir, [87]
• Amiru ’l-Mu‘minin (Commander of the Faithful), [185]
• Amiru ’l-Umara (title), [264]
• ‘Amr, the Tubba‘ [25], [26]
• ‘Amr b. ‘Adi b. Nasr, [35], [36], [37], [40]
• ‘Amr b. Amir (tribe), [94]
• ‘Amr b. ‘Amir Ma’ al-Sama al-Muzayqiya, [15], [16], [49]
• ‘Amr b. -‘As, [192]
• ‘Amr b. -Harith (Ghassanid), [50], [54], [122]
• ‘Amr b. Hind (Lakhmite), [44], [107], [108], [109], [112]
• ‘Amr b. Kulthum (poet), [44], [82], [102], [109]-113, [128], [269]
• ‘Amr b. Luhayy, [63], [64]
• ‘Amr b. Ma‘dikarib, [82]
• ‘Amr b. Mas‘ud, [43]
• ‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd, [223], [374]
• ‘Amr b. Zarib, [35]
• Amul, [350]
• Anas, [88]
• ‘anatira, [459]
• ‘Anaza (tribe), [a]xix] -Anbar, [38]
• -Anbari (philologist), [128]
• -Anbat, [a]xxv].
  • See Nabatæans, the
• Ancient Sciences, the, [282]
• -Andarin, [111]
• Angels, the Recording, [161]
• Angora, [104]
• -Ansar (the Helpers), [171], [241]
• ‘Antar, the Romance of, [34], [459]
• ‘Antara (poet), [76], [109], [114]-116, [128], [459]
• ‘antari, [459]
• Anthologies of Arabic poetry, [128]-130, [289], [325], [343], [347], [348], [417]
• Anthropomorphism, [369], [376], [379], [432]
• Antioch, [43]
• Anushirwan (Sasanian king). See Nushirwan
• Anushirwan b. Khalid, [329]
• Aphrodite, [43]
• -‘Aqida, by ‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, [461]
• ‘Aqil, [35]
• Arab horses, the training of, [226]
• Arab singers in the first century a.h., [236]
• a‘rabi (Bedouin), [210]
• Arabia, in the ‘Abbasid period, [276]
• Arabia Felix, [a]xvii], [4].
  • See -Yemen
• Arabian History, three periods of, [a]xxvi] Arabian Nights, the, [238], [256], [261], [292], [421], [456]-459
• Arabic language, the, [a]xvi], [a]xvii], [a]xxi]-xxv, [6], [77], [201], [203], [239], [265], [277]-280, [336], [342], [344]
• Arabic literature, largely the work of non-Arabs, [a]xxx], [a]xxxi], [276]-278
• Arabic Press, the, [469]
• Arabic writing, [201];
  • oldest specimens of, [a]xxi], [a]xxii]
• Arabs, the Ishmaelite, [a]xviii]
• Arabs of Khurasan, the, thoroughly Persianised, [250]
• Arabs, the Northern. See Arabs, the Ishmaelite
• Arabs, the Northern and Southern, racial enmity between, [a]xx], [199], [200], [252], [405], [406]
• Arabs, the Southern, [a]xvii], [a]xviii], [a]xx], [4].
  • See Arabs, the Yemenite
• Arabs, the Yemenite, [a]xvii], [a]xviii], [a]xx], [38], [55], [199], [252], [405], [406].
  • See Sabæans, the;
  • Himyarites, the
• Arabs, the Yoqtanid, [a]xviii].
  • See Arabs, the Yemenite
• Aramæans, the, [xv], [a]xxv]
• Aramaic language, the, [a]xvi], [a]xxv], [279], [375]
• -Araqim, [113], [114]
• Arbela, [451]
• Ardashir Babakan, founder of the Sasanian dynasty, [34], [38]
• Ἀρέθας τοῦ Γαβάλα, [51]
• Arhakim, [11]
• ‘arif (gnostic), [386]
• ‘Arifu ’l-Zanadiqa, [373]
• Aristocracy of Islam, the, [188], [190]
• Aristotle, [358], [359], [360]
• -‘Arji (poet), [237]
• Armenia, [xv], [352]
• Arnaud, Th., [9], [15], [17]
• Arnold. F. A., [105], [107], [109], [111], [113], [114]
• Arnold, T. W., [184], [223], [224], [360], [448]
• Arsacids, the, [21], [38]
• Aryat, [27], [28]
• -‘Asa (name of a mare), [36]
• ‘asabiyya, [440]
• Asad (tribe), [a]xix], [104]
• Asad Kamil, the Tubba‘, [12], [19]-23, [25], [26], [137]
• Asad b. Musa, [247]
• Asal, [433]
• asalib, [289], [315]
• Ascalon, [456]
• Ascension of the Prophet, the, [169], [403]
• Asd (tribe), [19]
• -A‘sha (poet), [16], [101], [121], [123]-125, [128], [138], [139]
• -Ash‘ari (Abu ’l-Hasan), [284], [376]-379, [431]
• Ash‘arites, the, [379], [380], [460]
• Ash‘aru ’l-Hudhaliyyin, [128]
• -Ashram (surname of Abraha), [28]
• Asia, [xv], [275], [352], [414]
• Asia, Central, [255]
• Asia Minor, [269], [399], [434], [446]
• Asia, Western, [a]xvi], [a]xxix], [358], [442], [444], [446]
• Asin Palacios, [404]
• aslama, [153]
• -Asma‘i (philologist), [261], [343], [344], [345], [459]
• Assassins, the, [272], [371], [372], [381], [445]
• Assyrian language, the, [a]xvi] Assyrians, the, [xv]
• Astrologers and Astronomers, [361]
• Astronomy, [276], [283]
• Aswad b. -Mundhir, [47]
• -Athar al-Baqiya, [361]
• Atharu ’l-Bilad, [416]
• Athens, [240], [358]
• ‘Athtar, ‘Athtor (Sabæan divinity), [11], [18]
• Atlal, [286]
• ‘Attar (Persian mystic). See Faridu’ddin ‘Attar
• ‘Atwada, [28]
• Aurelian, [34]
• Aurora, [412]
• Avempace. See Ibn Bajja
• Avenzoar, [434]
• Averroes. See Ibn Rushd
• Avicenna. See Ibn Sina
• awa’il (origins), [247]
• ‘Awarifu ’l-Ma‘arif, [230], [338]
• -‘Awfi, [370]
• awliya (saints), [393]
• Awrangzib (Mogul Emperor), [a]xxx]
• Aws (tribe), [170]
• Aws b. Hajar (poet), [131]
• Awwam Dhú ‘Iran Alu, [11]
• a‘yan thabita, [402]
• ayat (verse of the Koran, sign, miracle), [166]
• Ayatu ’l-Kursi (the Throne-verse), [176]
• Aybak, [447]
• -Ayham b. -Harith (Ghassanid), [50]
• ‘Ayn Jalut, battle of, [446]
• ‘Ayn Ubagh, battle of, [52]
• ayyamu ’l-‘Arab, [55], [356]
• Ayyubid dynasty, the, [275], [447], [453]
• Azd (tribe), [79], [374]
• -Azhar, the mosque, [395]
• Azraqites (-Azariqa), the, [208], [239]
• B
• Baalbec, [111]
• Bab al-Mandab, [5]
• Babak, [258], [375]
• Babur (Mogul Emperor), [a]xxix], [444]
• Babylon, [a]xxv], [38]
• Babylonia, [34], [38], [138], [253], [255], [307].
  • See -‘Iraq
• Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions, the, [a]xvi], [a]xxv]
• Babylonians, the, [xv]
• Badajoz, [421], [423]
• Badis, [428]
• Badi‘u ’l-Zaman ai-Hamadhánú, [328], [329], [331]
• Badr, battle of, [158], [174], [175]
• Badr, freedman of ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman the Umayyad, [405], [406]
• -Baghawi, [337]
• Baghdad, [a]xxviii], [a]xxix], [131], [182], [254], [255]-256, [290]-293, [303], [307], [313], [314], [315], [326], [338], [340], [345], [346], [347], [350], [351], [352], [355], [357], [359], [362], [365], [369], [376], [380], [382], [385], [387], [392], [399], [412], [415], [418], [431], [441], [444]-446, [447], [449], [450], [458], [461], [465], [466]
• Baghdad, history of its eminent men, by -Khatib, [355]
• Baha’u ’l-Dawia (Buwayhid), [267], [314]
• Bahdala (tribe), [87]
• Bahira, the monk, [148]
• Bahman (Sasanian), [457]
• Bahram Gor (Sasanian), [40], [41]
• -Bahrayn (province), [107], [108], [186]
• Bahri Mamelukes, the, [447]
• Baju, [445]
• -Bakharzi, [348]
• Bakil (tribe), [12]
• Bakr (tribe), [a]xix], [55]-60, [61], [69], [70], [76], [93], [107], [109], [113], [114], [242]
• -Bakri (geographer), [357], [428]
• Balaam, [73]
• -Baladhuri (historian), [280], [349]
• -balagh al-akbar, [371]
• Balak, [73]
• -Bal‘ami, [265], [352]
• Balaq (mountain), [17]
• Balkh, [232], [233], [259], [361], [385]
• -Balqa, [63]
• Banat Su‘ad, the opening words of an ode, [119], [127], [327]
• Banu ’l-Ahrar, [29]
• Banu Hind, [58]
• Banu Khaldun, [437]
• Banu Musa, [359]
• Banu Nahshal, [243]
• Baptists, name given to the early Moslems, [149]
• baqa, mystical term, [390]
• Baqqa, [36]
• -Baramika, [259].
  • See Barmecides, the
• Barbier de Meynard, [13], [15], [37], [195], [259], [350], [352], [353], [380], [457]
• Bardesanes, [364]
• Barmak, [259]
• Barmakites, the. See Barmecides, the
• Barmecides, the, [255], [259]-261, [262], [293]
• Barquq, Sultan (Mameluke), [452]
• Bashama, [119]
• Bashshar b. Burd, [245], [277], [290], [373]-374, [375]
• -basit (metre), [75]
• -Basra, [a]xxiv], [127], [133], [134], [186], [189], [195], [202], [209], [210], [215], [222], [223], [225], [226], [233], [242], [243], [246], [273], [281], [293], [294], [329], [331], [336], [341], [342], [343], [345], [346], [369], [370], [374], [377], [378]
• Basset, R., [327]
• -Basus, [56]
• -Basus, the War of, [55]-60, [61], [76], [107], [114]
• -Batiniyya (Batinites), [381], [382], [402].
  • See Isma‘ilis, the
• -Battani, [361]
• -bayan, [283]
• -Bayan al-Mughrib, [407]
• Bayard, [191]
• Bayazid of Bistam, [391], [460].
  • See Abu Yazid al-Bistami
• Baybars, Sultan (Mameluke), [447], [448]
• -Baydawi, [145], [179]
• bayt (verse), [74], [77]
• Baytu ’l-Hikma, at Baghdad, [359]
• -Bazbaz, [60]
• Bedouin view of life, the, [136]
• Bedouin warfare, character of, [54], [55]
• Bedouin women, Mutanabbi's descriptions of, [310]
• Benu Marthad^im, [11]
• Berber insurrection in Africa, [405]
• Berbers, the, [204], [274], [405]-409, [413], [420], [423], [424], [429]-432, [442], [443]
• Berbers, used as mercenaries, [407]
• Berlin Royal Library, [8], [12]
• Bevan, Prof. A. A., [46], [80], [129], [151], [166], [168], [199], [205], [239], [244], [253], [356], [373], [374], [375]
• Beyrout, [238], [469]
• Bibliographical Dictionary, by Hajji Khalifa, [456]
• Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, [356]
• Bidpai, the Fables of, [330], [346]
• Bilqis, [18]
• -Bimaristan al-‘Adudi, [266]
• Biographies of poets, [346], [347], [348]
• Birnam Wood, [25]
• -Biruni (Abu Rayhan), [269], [280], [361]
• Bishr b. Abi Khazim (poet), [86]
• Bishr al-Hafi, [228]
• Bishr b. -Mu‘tamir, [369]
• Bistam, [391]
• Blick, J. S., [184], [249], [258]
• Black, the colour of the ‘Abbasids, [220], [262]
• Black Stone in the Ka‘ba, the, [63], [274], [319], [467]
• Blunt, Lady Anne, [88], [101]
• Blunt, Wilfrid, [88], [101]
• Bobastro, [410]
• Boer, T. J. de, [433]
• Bohlen, [308], [312]
• Bokhara, [203], [265], [275], [360]
• Book of Examples, the, by Ibn Khaldun, [437]
• Book of Sibawayhi, the, [343]
• Book of the Thousand Tales, the. See Hazar Afsan
• Book of Viziers, the, [458]
• Books, the Six Canonical, [337]
• Boswell, [144], [313], [452]
• Brethren of Purity, the, [370]-372
• British Museum, the, [12], [402]
• Brockelmann, C., [205], [236], [237], [308], [328], [339], [346], [349], [449], [459], [468], [469]
• Browne, Prof. E. G., [29], [42], [185], [217], [218], [230], [247], [251], [258], [265], [272], [275], [290], [329], [346], [362], [375], [381], [383], [394], [399], [445]
• Bruuml;nnow, R. E., [32], [35], [49], [51], [209], [210]
• Brutus, [252]
• Bu‘ath, battle of, [170]
• Buddha, [297], [298]
• Buddhism, [373], [375], [390], [391].
  • See Nirvana
• -Buhturi (poet), [130], [316], [324]
• Bujayr b. ‘Amr, [58]
• Bukhara. See Bokhara
• -Bukhari, [144], [146], [151], [337]
• Bulaq, [469]
• Bunyan, [212]
• Burckhardt, [95], [465], [466], [467]
• Burd, [373]
• -Burda, [326], [327]
• -burda (the Prophet's mantle), [327], [366]
• Burji Mamelukes, the, [447]
• Burns, Robert, [450]
• burnus, the, a mark of asceticism, [210]
• Burton, Sir Richard, [459]
• Busir, [326]
• -Busiri (poet), [326], [327]
• Buthayna, [238]
• Butrites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, [297]
• Buwayhid dynasty, the, [264], [266]-268, [271], [275], [303], [338]
• Byzantine Empire, the, [3], [29], [46], [171], [255], [261], [269], [359]
• C
• Cadiz, [405]
• Cæsar, [252]
• Cætani, Prince, [149], [155], [156], [171]
• Cairo, [275], [350], [394], [395], [437], [447], [448], [451], [452], [453], [454], [455], [458], [461], [464], [469]
• Caliph, the, must belong to Quraysh, [207]
• Caliph, name of the, mentioned in the Friday sermon, [263], [264];
  • stamped on the coinage, [264];
  • title of, assumed by the Fatimids, [271];
  • by the Umayyads of Spain, [412]
• Caliphs, the, -Mas‘udi's account of, [354]
• Caliphs, the ‘Abbasid. See ‘Abbasids, the Caliphs, the Orthodox, [a]xxiii], [a]xxvii], [181]-193
• Caliphs, the Umayyad. See Umayyad dynasty, the
• Calpe, [204]
• Campbell, D., [360]
• Canaanites, the, [3]
• Canonical Books, the Six, [337]
• Capuchins, the, [228]
• Carmathians, the, [272], [274], [322], [324], [371], [375], [381], [467].
  • See Fatimid dynasty; Isma‘ilis
• Carmona, [437]
• Casanova, P., [371]
• Caspian Sea, the, [a]xxviii], [21], [264], [266], [350], [352], [391]
• Castile, [422], [437]
• Castles of -Yemen, the, [24]
• Catharine of Siena, [233]
• Cathay, [a]xxv]
• Caussin de Perceval, [32]
• Cave-dwellers of Khurasan, the, [232]
• Celibacy condemned by Muhammad, [224]
• Cemetery of the Sufis, the, at Damascus, [463]
• Ceuta, [405], [412], [423], [434]
• Ceylon, [352]
• Chagar Beg, [275]
• Charles the Hammer, [204]
• Charter, the, drawn up by Muhammad for the people of Medina, [173]
• Chaucer, [289]
• Chauvin, Victor, [214]
• Chenery, T., [244], [328], [332], [333], [336]
• Chihrazad, [457]
• China, [203], [352], [419], [444]
• Chingiz Khan, [444]
• Christian poets who wrote in Arabic, [138], [139]
• Christianity in Arabia, [117], [137]-140;
  • in Ghassán, [51], [54], [123];
  • at -Hira, [39], [41], [43], [44], [46], [49], [123], [124], [138];
  • in Najran, [26], [27], [124], [137];
  • in Moslem Spain, [407], [411], [412], [413], [414]-415, [431], [435], [441]
• Christianity, influence of, on Muhammadan culture, [a]xxii], [176], [177], [216], [221], [231], [389], [390]
• Christians, Monophysite, [51]
• Christians, supposed by Moslems to wear a girdle, [461]
• Christians at the Umayyad court, [221], [240], [241]
• Chronology of Ancient Nations, the, by -Biruni, [361]
• Church and State, regarded as one by Moslems, [170], [182], [197]
• Chwolsohn, [363]
• Classicism, revolt against, [287]-289
• Cleopatra, [34]
• Coinage, Arabic, introduced by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, [201]
• Commercial terms derived from Arabic, [281]
• Companions of the Prophet, biographies of the, [144], [356], [456]
• Confession of faith, the Muhammadan, [403]
• Conquests, the early Muhammadan, work on the, [349]
• Constantinople, [a]xxix], [29], [45], [52], [84], [104], [318], [362], [412]
• Cordova, [131], [341], [347], [406]-411, [412], [413]-415, [418], [420]-426, [428], [434], [435]
• Cordova, the University of, [420]
• Courage, Arabian, the nature of, [82]
• Criticism of Ancient and Modern Poets, [283]-289
• Cromwell, [189]
• Crusade, the Third, [275]
• Crusaders, the, [331], [447]
• Cruttenden, [8]
• Ctesiphon, [47], [48], [210].
  • See -Mada’in
• Cureton, [211], [216], [341]
• D
• Dabba (tribe), [a]xix] -Dahab al-‘Ijli, [44]
• Dahis (name of a horse), [61]
• Dahis and -Ghabrá, the War of, [61], [62], [114], [116]
• -dahriyyun, [381]
• da‘i (missionary), [249], [272]
• -Daja‘ima, [50]
• -Dajjal (the Antichrist), [216]
• dakhil, [95]
• Damascus, [a]xxi], [a]xxviii], [13], [46], [51], [53], [54], [111], [181], [104], [195], [202], [203], [207], [235], [240], [241], [242], [244], [247], [252], [255], [274], [304], [313], [335], [340], [374], [386], [399], [408], [451], [462], [463]
• -Damigh, [375]
• Daniel, [162]
• Dante, [360], [404]
• dapir (Secretary), [257]
• Daqiqi, Persian poet, [265]
• Daraya, [386]
• Darius, [256]
• Darmesteter, J., [217]
• Daru ’l-Rum (Constantinople), [362]
• Daughters, the birth of, regarded as a misfortune, [91], [156]
• Daughters of Allah, the, [135], [156]
• Davidson, A. B., [82]
• dawidar (dawadar), [445]
• Daws Dhu Tha‘laban, [27]
• -Daylam, [266]
• Dead Sea, the, [249]
• Decline of the Caliphate, [257], [263]
• Derenbourg, H., [54], [122], [123], [194], [260], [331], [445], [454]
• Dervish orders, the, [393]
• Desecration of the tombs of the Umayyad Caliphs, [205]
• -Dhahabi (Shamsu ’l-Din), historian, [339], [446], [454]
• Dhamar‘ali Dhirrih, [10]
• Dhu ’l-Khalasa, name of an idol, [105]
• Dhu ’l-Khursayn (name of a sword), [96]
• Dhu ’l-Majaz, [114]
• Dhu Nafar, [66], [67]
• Dhu ’l-Nun al-Misri, [386]-388, [389], [460]
• Dhu ’l-Nusur (surname), [2]
• Dhu Nuwas, [12], [26]-27, [137], [162]
• Dhu Qar, battle of, [69], [70]
• Dhu l-Qarnayn, [17], [18]
• Dhu ’l-Quruh (title), [104]
• Dhu Ru‘ayn, [25], [26]
• Dhu ’l-Rumma (poet), [246]
• Dhu ’l-‘Umrayn, nickname of Ibnu ’l-Khatib, [436]
• Dhu ’l-Wizaratayn (title), [425]
• Dhubyan (tribe), [a]xix], [61], [62], [116], [117], [121]
• Diacritical points in Arabic script, [201]
• Di‘bil (poet), [261], [375]
• Dictionaries, Arabic, [343], [403], [456]
• Didactic poem by Abu ’l-‘Atahiya, [300]
• Diercks, [360]
• Dieterici, F., [270], [305], [307], [308], [310], [312], [313], [371]
• dihqan, [291]
• Diminutives, [396], [449]
• din (religion), [178], [287]
• Dinarzad, [457]
• Dinarzade, [457]
• -Dinawar, [346]
• -Dinawari (historian), [251], [349]
• Dinazad, [457]
• Diodorus Siculus, [3]
• Dionysius the Areopagite, [387], [389]
• -Dira‘iyya, [466]
• Dirge, the Arabian, [126]
• dithar, [152]
• Divan-i Shams-i Tabriz, [298]
• Divine Right, the Shi‘ite theory of, [214], [271]
• diwan (collection of poems), [127], [128]
• Diwan (Register) of ‘Umar, the, [187], [188]
• Diwans of the Six Poets, the, [128]
• diya (blood-wit), [93]
• -Diyárbakri (historian), [445]
• Dog, the, regarded by Moslems as unclean, [445]
• Doughty, E. M., [3]
• Dozy, [214], [399], [407], [410], [411], [413], [414], [415], [420], [422], [424], [428], [429], [431], [465], [467]
• Drama, the, not cultivated by the Semites, [328]
• Drinking parties described in Pre-islamic poetry, [124], [125], [167]
• Droit du seigneur, le, [4]
• dubayt (a species of verse), [450]
• Dubeux, [352]
• Duka, T., [390]
• Dumas, [272]
• Dumyatu ’l-Qasr, [348]
• Duns Scotus, [367]
• Durayd b. -Simma, [83]
• Durayd b. Zayd b. Nahd, [75]
• Durratu ’l-Ghawwas, [336]
• Duwalu ’l-Islam, [446]
• Dvorak, R., [304]
• Dyke of Ma’rib, the, [2], [5], [14]-17, [50], [63]
• Dynasties of the ‘Abbasid period, [264]-276
• E
• Eber, [a]xviii]
• Ecbatana, [129], [328].
  • See Hamadhan
• Ecstasy, [387], [393], [394]
• Edessa, [331], [358]
• Egypt, [a]xxiv], [a]xxix], [a]xxx], [4], [5], [132], [184], [186], [193], [215], [268], [274], [275], [307], [323], [326], [327], [350], [354], [355], [358], [387]-390, [399], [419], [432], [434], [442], [443], [447], [448], [450], [451], [454], [460], [461], [464], [466], [468]
• Egypt, conquest of, by the Moslems, [184]
• Egypt, History of, by Ibn Taghribirdi, [454]
• Eichhorn, [xv]
• Elegiac poetry, [126], [127]
• Elephant, the Sura of the, [68]
• Elephant, the year of the, [28], [66], [146]
• Eloquence, Arabian, [346], [347]
• Emanation, Plotinus's theory of, [393]
• Emessa, [304]
• Emigrants, the. See -Muhajirun
• Encomium of the Umayyad dynasty, by -Akhtal, [242]
• Epic poetry not cultivated by the Arabs, [325]
• Equality of Arabs and non-Arabs maintained by the Shu‘ubites, [279], [280]
• Equites Thamudeni, [3]
• Erotic prelude, the. See nasib
• Erpenius, [355]
• Essenes, the, [224]
• Euphrates, the, [xv], [33], [36], [37], [38], [41], [53], [110], [113], [186], [189], [192], [196], [256], [418], [443], [449]
• Euting, Julius, [9]
• F
• Fables of beasts, considered useful and instructive, [330]
• -Fadl, the Barmecide, [260]
• -Fadl b. al-Rabi‘, [293]
• -Fahl (surname), [125]
• Fahm (tribe), [81]
• Fairs, the old Arabian, [135]
• -Fakhri, [187], [188], [194], [203], [260], [331], [445], [454]
• Fakhru ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), [267]
• Fakhru ’l-Mulk, [340]
• Falcon of Quraysh, the, [407], [417]
• -falsafa (Philosophy), [283]
• fana (dying to self), [233], [390], [391]
• fanak, [53]
• faqih, [464]
• faqir (fakir), [230], [464]
• faqr (poverty), [230]
• Farab, [360]
• -Farábi (Abu Nasr), [270], [360], [393]
• -Farazdaq (poet), [196], [238], [239], [240], [242]-244, [245], [246]
• -Farghani, [361]
• Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, [226], [228], [386]
• -Farqadan (name of two stars), [35]
• -Farra, [343]
• Farrukh-mahan, [45]
• Fars (province), [266]
• Fathers, the Christian, [341]
• -Fatiha, [143]
• Fatima, daughter of -Khurshub, [88]
• Fatima, daughter of the Prophet, [183], [218], [250], [251], [258], [267], [274]
• Fatima (mother of Qusayy), [64]
• Fatima, a woman loved by Imru’u ’l-Qays, [106]
• Fatimid dynasty, the, [217], [265], [268], [269], [271]-275, [322], [371], [412]
• -Fatra, [152]
• Fawatu ’l-Wafayat, [449], [452]
• Fayiasufu ’l-‘Arab (title), [360].
  • See -Kindi
• Faymiyun (Phemion), [26]
• Ferdinand I of Castile, [422]
• Ferdinand III of Castile, [434]
• Ferdinand V of Castile, [441]
• Fez, [436]
• Fihr (tribe), [a]xix]
• -Fihrist, [13], [142], [345], [359], [361]-364, [387], [457]
• -Find, [58], [60], [84]
• -fiqh (Jurisprudence), [283];
  • denoting law and theology, [339], [420], [465]
• Firdawsi, Persian poet, [265], [269]
• Firuz (Firuzan), father of Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, [385]
• Firuz, a Persian slave, [189]
• -Fúrúzábádí (Majdu ’l-Din), [403], [456]
• Fleischer, [400], [404]
• Flint, Robert, [441]
• Fluegel, G., [142], [297], [362], [364], [459]
• Folk-songs, Arabic, [238], [416]-417, [449]-450
• Fons Vitæ, [428]
• Foreigners, Sciences of the, [282], [283]
• Forgery of Apostolic Traditions, [145], [146], [279]
• Forgery of Pre-islamic poems, [133], [134]
• France, [9], [412], [469]
• Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, [434], [441]
• Free schools, founded by Hakam II, [419]
• Free-thought in Islam, [283], [284], [298], [345], [460].
  • See Mu‘tazilites and Zindiqs
• Free-will, the doctrine of, [223], [224]
• Freytag, G. W., [16], [31], [48], [50], [55], [73], [89], [91], [109], [129], [292], [373]
• Friedlaender, I., [428]
• Frothingham, [389]
• -Fudayl b. ‘Iyad, [232], [233], [385]
• -fuhul, [138]
• Fukayha, [89]
• -funún al-sab‘a (the seven kinds of poetry), [450]
• Fuqaym (tribe), [28]
• -Fusul wa-’l-Ghayat, [318]
• Fususu ’l-Hikam, [400], [401], [402]
• -Futuhat al-Makkiyya, [400], [464]
• Future life, Pre-islamic notions of the, [166]
• G
• Gabriel, [63], [141], [150], [267]
• Galen, [358]
• Galland, [458]
• Gallienus, [33]
• Gaulonitis, the, [53]
• Gaza, [5]
• Geber, [361]
• Geiger, [162]
• Genealogy, Muhammadan, [a]xx]
• Genealogy, treatise on, by Ibn Durayd, [343]
• Genesis, Book of, [xv]
• Geographers, the Moslem, [356], [357]
• George -Makin, [355]
• Georgians, the, [445]
• Germany, [8], [412]
• Gesenius, [8]
• -Ghabrá (name of a mare), [61]
• -Gharid, [236]
• -Ghariyyan, [43]
• Ghassán, [a]xxii], [33], [37], [38], [42], [43], [121], [122], [138], [139], [158], [332]
• Ghassanid court, the, described by Hassan b. Thabit, [53]
• Ghassanids, the, [33], [49]-54, [122]
• Ghatafan (tribe), [a]xix], [61]
• -Ghawl, [119]
• ghayba (occultation), [216]
• Ghayman (castle), [24]
• Ghayz b. Murra, [117]
• Ghazala, [339]
• -Ghazali, [230], [234], [277], [338]-341, [380]-383, [393], [431], [463]
• Ghazan, [446]
• Ghaziyya (tribe), [83]
• Ghazna, [268]-269, [355]
• Ghaznevid dynasty, the, [265], [268]-269, [271], [275]
• ghiyar, [461]
• Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud (Seljuq), [326], [329]
• -Ghulat (the extreme Shi‘ites), [216]
• Ghumdán (castle), [24]
• Gibb, E. J. W., [443], [460]
• Gibb, H. A. R., [470]
• Gibbon, [439]
• Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), [204], [414]
• Glaser, E., [9], [15]
• Gnosis, the Sufi doctrine of, [386], [387]
• Gnosticism, [389], [390]
• Gobineau, Comte de, [320]
• Goeje, M. J. de, [179], [180], [253], [256], [257], [287], [322], [349], [350], [351], [353], [354], [356], [366], [371], [409]
• Goethe, [97]
• Gog and Magog, [18]
• Golden Meadows, the. See Muruju ’l-Dhahab and -Mas‘udi
• Goldziher, Ignaz, [a]xx], [a]xxii], [10], [18], [30], [73], [90], [119], [145], [177], [178], [199], [200], [221], [225], [246], [278], [279], [280], [285], [287], [289], [297], [298], [315], [344], [345], [366], [368], [370], [372], [374], [379], [390], [409], [431], [433], [466]
• Gospel, the, [165], [171]
• Grammar, Arabic, the origin of, [202], [278], [282], [341]-343, [363]
• Grammars, Arabic, [343], [456]
• Granada, [421], [424], [428], [431], [434], [435]-437, [441], [442], [447]
• Gray, T., [77]
• Greece, [131], [296], [361], [434]
• Greece, the influence of, on Muhammadan thought, [220], [221], [229], [266], [358]-361, [363], [369], [370], [386], [388]
• Greek Philosophers, the, [341], [363]
• Green, the colour of the ‘Alids, [262]
• Grimme, H., [xv], [10]
• Gruuml;nert, M., [346]
• Guadalquivir, the, [422]
• Guest, A. R., [453]
• Guillaume, A., [360]
• Guirgass, [251]
• Guyon, Madame, [233]
• H
• Haarbruuml;cker, [220], [221], [223], [224], [297]
• Habib b. Aws. See Abu Tammam
• hadarat, mystical term, [402]
• -Hadi, the Caliph, [260], [373]
• Hadiqatu ’l-Afrah, [449]
• -hadith (Traditions of the Prophet), [132], [134], [143]-146, [201], [247], [258], [348].
  • See Traditions of the Prophet
• Hadramawt (province), [1], [5], [42]
• Hadrian, [137]
• Hafsa, [142]
• Hafsid dynasty, the, [442]
• Hagar. See Hajar, wife of Abraham
• Hajar (in -Bahrayn), [94], [96]
• Hajar, wife of Abraham, [a]xviii], [63]
• -Hajjaj b. Yusuf, [200], [201]-203, [209], [213], [244]
• Hajji Khalifa, [456]
• -Hakam I (Spanish Umayyad), [409]
• -Hakam II (Spanish Umayyad), [412], [419]
• hakim (philosopher), [387]
• hal, mystical term, [387]
• Halbatu ’l-Kumayt, [417]
• Halévy, Joseph, [9]
• Halila, [56]
• Halima, daughter of -Harith al-A‘raj, [50]
• Halima, the battle of, [43], [50], [51], [125]
• Halima, the Prophet's nurse, [147]
• -Hallaj. See -Husayn b. Mansur
• Halle, [8]
• Ham, [xv]
• hama (owl or wraith), [94], [166]
• Hamadhan (Ecbatana), [129], [292], [328], [333]
• -Hamadhánú, [328].
  • See Badi‘u ’l-Zaman
• Hamal b. Badr, [61], [88]
• -Hamasa, of Abu Tammam, [55], [57]-61, [79], [81], [82], [83], [84], [87], [92], [93], [98], [100], [126], [129]-130, [136], [137], [199], [213], [324], [331]
• -Hamasa, of -Buhturi, [130], [324]
• hamasa (fortitude), [79], [326]
• Hamat, [454]
• -Hamaysa‘ b. Himyar, [12]
• Hamdan, [19]
• Hamdan Qarmat, [274]
• -Hamdani (geographer), [6], [11], [12], [13], [17], [18], [20], [24]
• Hamdanid dynasty, the, [268], [269]-271, [291], [303]
• Hamilton, Terrick, [459]
• Hammad al-Rawiya, [103], [113], [128], [132]-134, [344]
• Hammer, J. von, [308], [316], [396], [459]
• Hamza of Isfahan (historian), [14], [280]
• Hanbalites, the, [376], [462]
• handasa (geometry), [283]
• Hani’, a chieftain of Bakr, [69]
• Hanifa (tribe), [183]
• Hanifs, the, [69], [149], [150], [170], [318]
• Hanzala of Tayyi’, [44]
• haqiqat, mystical term, [392]
• haqiqatu ’l-haqa’iq, mystical term, [403]
• -haqiqatu ’l-Muhammadiyya, mystical term, [403]
• -haqq, mystical term, [392]
• Haram (tribe), [331]
• Harim b. Sinan, [61], [116], [117], [288]
• -Hariri, author of the Maqamat, [329]-336
• -Harith al-Akbar. See -Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq
• -Harith b. ‘Amr (Kindite), [42], [44], [103], [104]
• -Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq (Ghassanid), [50]
• -Harith al-A‘raj (Ghassanid), [43], [50], [54], [125].
  • See -Harith b. Jabala
• -Harith b. ‘Awf, [61], [116], [117]
• -Harith b. Hammam, [330], [331], [333]
• -Harith b. Hilliza (poet), [44], [100], [109], [113]-114, [128]
• -Harith b. Jabala (Ghassanid), [43], [50], [51], [52].
  • See -Harith al-A‘raj
• -Harith al-Ra’ish, [17]
• -Harith b. Surayj, [222]
• -Harith b. ‘Ubad, [58], [50]
• -Harith the Younger (Ghassanid), [50]
• -Harith b. Zalim, [85]
• -harj, [249]
• Harran, [221], [358], [361], [462]
• Harran, the bilingual inscription of, [a]xxii] Hartmann, M., [450], [468]
• Harun al-Rashid, the Caliph, [a]xxix], [255], [258], [259], [260]-261, [262], [277], [283], [292], [293], [296], [298], [343], [345], [347], [366], [367], [368], [373], [385], [388], [458], [459]
• Harura, [208]
• Harwat, [11]
• hasab, [100]
• Hasan (Buwayhid), [266]
• -Hasan of -Basra, [208], [222], [223], [225]-227, [230], [243], [244], [294]
• -Hasan b. Ahmad al-Hamdani, [11].
  • See -Hamdani
• -Hasan b. ‘Ali, the Nizamu ’l-Mulk, [276].
  • See Nizamu ’l-Mulk
• -Hasan b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, [216], [297]
• -Hasan al-Burini, [396]
• -Hasan b. -Sabbah, [445]
• Hashid (tribe), [12]
• Hashim, [65], [146], [250]
• -Hashimiyya (Shi‘ite sect), [220], [251]
• Hassan b. Thabit (poet), [18], [52], [53], [54], [127]
• Hassan (son of As‘ad Kamil), the Tubba‘, [19], [23], [25]
• Hatim of Tayyi’, [85]-87, [288]
• Hawazin (tribe), [a]xix] Hayy b. Yaqzan, [433]
• Hayyum, [19]
• Hazar Afsan (Hazar Afsana), [363], [457]-458
• -Haziri (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), [348]
• Hazzu ’l-Quhuf, [450]
• Hebrew language, the, [a]xvi]
• Hebrews, the, [xv]
• Hellespont, the, [a]xxix]
• Helpers, the. See -Ansar
• Hengstenberg, [102]
• Heraclius, [52]
• Heresies of the Caliph -Ma’mun, [262]
• Herodotus, [353]
• Hierotheus, [389]
• hija (satire), [73], [294]
• -Hijaz, [a]xvii], [3], [21], [62], [63], [64], [69], [137], [149], [150], [215], [340], [395], [398], [399], [465], [466]
• -Hijr, the inscriptions of, [a]xxi], [3]
• -Hijra (Hegira), [a]xxv], [158], [171]
• -Hilla, [449]
• Hilyatu ’l-Awliya, [338]
• himaq (a species of verse), [450]
• Hims, [304]
• Himyar (person), [14]
• Himyar (people), [a]xxv], [1], [6], [10], [17], [24], [25], [26], [429]
• Himyarite kings, the, [9], [10], [12], [13], [14], [17]-27.
  • See Tubba‘s, the
• Himyarite language, the, [a]xvi], [a]xvii], [a]xxi], [6]-11
• Himyarite Ode, the, [12], [13]
• Himyarites, the, [a]xviii], [a]xx], [a]xxi], [4], [5], [6], [7], [12], [17], [23], [26]
• Hind, mother of Bakr and Taghlib, [58]
• Hind (a Bedouin woman), [46]
• Hind, daughter of -Nu‘man III, [46], [47]
• Hind, wife of -Mundhir III, [44], [45], [110]
• Hinwam (hill), [20]
• -Hira, [a]xxii], [a]xxiii], [29], [33], [34], [37]-49, [51], [52], [53], [54], [60], [69], [70], [85], [87], [103], [107], [108], [109], [110], [112], [114], [121], [122], [124], [138], [139], [189], [244], [439]
• Hira, Mount, [150]
• Hirran, [11]
• Hirschfeld, H., [151]
• Hisham (Umayyad Caliph), [200], [206], [224], [243]
• Hisham I (Spanish Umayyad), [347], [409]
• Hisham II (Spanish Umayyad), [412], [421]
• Hisham b. Muhammad al-Kalbi, [38], [39], [40], [348]
• Hisn Ghurab, [8]
• Historians, Arab, [11]-14, [144], [247], [348]-356, [420], [428], [435]-440, [452]-454
• Historical studies encouraged by the Umayyads, [247]
• History, the true purpose of, [437];
  • subject to universal laws, [438];
  • evolution of, [439], [440]
• History of the Berbers, by Ibn Khaldun, [429], [435]
• History of the Caliphs, by -Suyuti, [455]
• History of Islamic Civilisation, by Jurji Zaydan, [435]
• History of Old and New Cairo, by -Suyuti, [455]
• Holy Ghost, the, [150]
• Holy War, the, enjoined by the Koran, [174]
• Homer, the Iliad of, translated into Arabic verse, [469]
• Homeritæ, the, [5]
• Hommel, F., [xv], [1]
• Honour, Pre-islamic conception of, [82]-100
• Horace, [326]
• Hospitality, the Bedouin ideal of, [85]
• House of the Prophet, the, [250].
  • See ‘Ali b. Abi Talib; ‘Alids; Shi‘ites.
• Houtsma, Th., [193], [242], [329], [349]
• Huart, C., [468]
• Hubal (name of an idol), [64] Hubba, [64]
• Hud (prophet), [2]
• Hudhalites (Hudhaylites), [22], [128].
  • See Hudhayl
• Hudhayla b. Badr, [61]
• Hudhayta b. al-Yaman, [142]
• Hudhayl (tribe), [a]xix], [64], [98], [99], [100]
• Hughes, G., [80]
• Hujr (Kindite), [42]
• Hujr, father of Imru’u ’l-Qays, [104]
• Hulagu, [a]xxix], [182], [444]-446
• Hulayl b. Hubshiyya, [64]
• -Hullat al-Siyara, [418]
• Hulton, [8]
• hulul (incarnation), [396], [402]
• Hulwan, [292]
• Humani, [457]
• -Humayma, [249]
• Hunayn b. Ishaq, [359]
• hur (houris), [167]
• Hurmuz (Sasanian), [47]
• Hurufis, the, [460]
• -Husayn, son of ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, [196], [197], [198], [216], [218], [243], [466]
• -Husayn b. Damdam, [117]
• -Husayn b. Mansur -Hallaj, [363], [375], [399]
• Husnu ’l-Muhadara, [455]
• -Hutay’a (poet), [127], [131], [261]
• Huzwa, [398]
• Hypocrites, the. See -Munafiqun
• I
• Iamblichus, [389]
• ‘Ibad, the, of -Hira, [38], [39], [138]
• Ibadites (a Kharijite sect), the, [211]
• -‘Ibar, by -Dhahabi, [339]
• Ibnu ’l-Abbar, [418], [424]
• Ibn ‘Abdi Rabbihi, [102], [347], [420]
• Ibn Abi Du’ad, [376]
• Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, [266], [355]
• Ibn Abi Ya‘qub al-Nadim, [362]
• Ibn Abi Zar‘, [429]
• Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), [435]
• Ibn ‘A’isha, [236]
• Ibnu ’l-‘Alqami, [445]
• Ibnu ’l-‘Amid, [267]
• Ibn ‘Ammar (poet), [422], [424]
• Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi. See Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi
• Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, the Cadi, of Seville, [399]
• Ibnu ’l-A‘rabi (philologist), [128]
• Ibn ‘Arabshah, [454]
• Ibnu ’l-Athir, [203], [205], [253], [355]-356, [376], [379], [420], [429]
• Ibn Bajja, [361], [434]
• Ibn Bashkuwal, [426], [434]
• Ibn Bassam, [422], [434]
• Ibnu ’l-Baytar, [434]
• Ibn Durayd, [253], [280], [343]
• Ibnu ’l-Farid. See ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid
• Ibn Hajar, [456]
• Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya. See Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya
• Ibn Hani (poet), [419], [420]
• Ibn Hawqal, [356]
• Ibn Hayyan, [428]
• Ibn Hazm, [222], [341], [402], [423]-428
• Ibn Hisham, [17], [22], [23], [63], [64], [69], [144], [147], [150], [151], [152], [154], [156], [158], [166], [170], [173], [175], [349]
• Ibn Humam, [105]
• Ibnu ’l-‘Idhari, [407], [428], [429]
• Ibn Ishaq, [69], [144], [146], [149], [156], [247], [349]
• Ibn Jahwar, [424]
• Ibnu ’l-Jawzi, [355]
• Ibn Jubayr, [357], [434]
• Ibn Kabsha, nickname of Muhammad, [166]
• Ibn Khalawayh, [271]
• Ibn Khaldun, [32], [228], [229], [277], [278], [288], [289], [350], [353], [429], [435], [437]-440, [443], [452]
• Ibn Khallikan, [129], [132], [190], [213], [224], [234], [245], [261], [266], [267], [276], [288], [295], [308], [312], [326], [343], [344], [346], [348], [355], [357], [359], [360], [377], [378], [387], [408], [422], [425], [427], [451]-452
• Ibn Khaqan, [425], [434]
• Ibnu ’l-Khatib, the Vizier, [413], [435], [436], [437]
• Ibn Khidham, [105]
• Ibn Khurdadbih, [356]
• Ibn Maja, [337]
• Ibn Malik of Jaen, [456]
• Ibn Mukarram (Jamalu ’l-Din), [456]
• Ibn Muljam, [193]
• Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, [330], [346], [348], [358]
• Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz (poet), [325]
• Ibn Nubata (man of letters), [61]
• Ibn Nubata, the preacher, [271], [328]
• Ibnu ’l-Qifti, [355], [370], [387]
• Ibn Qutayba, [a]xviii], [35], [49], [50], [51], [75], [77], [105], [117], [145], [202], [223], [257], [277], [280], [286], [287], [288], [289], [293], [294], [345], [346]
• Ibnu ’l-Qutiyya, [420]
• Ibn Quzman, [417]
• Ibn Rashiq, [71], [288]
• Ibnu ’l-Rawandi, [375]
• Ibn Rushd, [341], [361], [432], [434]
• Ibn Sab‘in, [434]
• Ibn Sa‘d, [144], [256], [349]
• Ibnu ’l-Sammak, [261]
• Ibnu ’l-Sikkit, [343]
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna), [265], [266], [341], [360], [361], [393]
• Ibn Sirin, [244]
• Ibn Surayj, [236]
• Ibn Taymiyya, [371], [462], [463], [465], [466]
• Ibnu ’l-Tiqtaqa, [454]
• Ibn Tufayt, [361], [432], [433], [434]
• Ibn Tumart, [431]-432
• Ibnu ’l-Wahshiyya, [a]xxv]
• Ibnu ’l-Wardi, [455]
• Ibn Zaydun (poet), [419], [424]-426
• Ibn Zuhr, [434]
• Ibrahim (Abraham), [a]xviii], [63].
  • See Abraham
• Ibrahim (‘Alid), [258]
• Ibrahim b. Adham, [232]
• Ibrahim b. Hilal al-Sabi, [328]
• Ibrahim of Mosul, [261]
• Idol-worship at Mecca, [62]-64
• Idris, [264]
• -Idrisi (geographer), [357], [434]
• Idrisid dynasty, the, [264]
• Ihya’u Ulum al-Din, [230], [234], [338], [340]
• -Iji (Adudu ’l-Din), [456]
• ijma‘, [460]
• ikhlas, [164]
• Ikhmim, [387]
• -Ikhtiyarat, [128]
• Ikhwánu ’l-Safa, [370]-372, [388]
• -Iklil, [6], [12], [13], [24]
• -ilahiyyun, [382]
• Iliad, the, [a]xxii], [325], [469]
• Il-Khans, the, [a]xxix], [446]
• Il-Makah, [11]
• ‘ilmu ’l-hadith (Science of Apostolic Tradition), [283]
• ‘ilmu ’l-kalam (Scholastic Theology), [283]
• ‘ilmu ’l-nujum (Astronomy), [283]
• ‘ilmu ’l-qira’at (Koranic Criticism), [283]
• ‘ilmu ’l-tafsir (Koranic Exegesis), [283]
• ‘ilq, [101]
• ‘Imadu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), [266]
• ‘Imadu ’l-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani, [348], [355]
• Imam (head of the religious community), [210]
• Imam, the Hidden, [216]-217, [371];
  • the Infallible, [220], [432]
• Imam-Husayn, a town near Baghdad, [466].
  • See Karbala
• -imam al-ma‘sum, [432]
• Imamites, the, [251]
• Imams, the Seven, [217], [273]
• Imams, the Shi‘ite, [214]-220
• Imams, the Twelve, [217]
• Imamu ’l-Haramayn, [339], [379]
• iman (faith), [222]
• Imru’u ’l-Qays (poet), [42], [84], [85], [101], [102], [103]-107, [128], [136], [246], [289]
• India, [4], [17], [268], [341], [352], [361], [389]
• India, History of, by -Biruni, [361]
• India, the influence of, on Moslem civilisation, [361], [389], [390]
• India, Moslem conquests in, [203], [268]
• Indian religion, described by -Shahrastani, [341]
• Indus, the, [a]xxiv], [203], [264]
• Infanticide, practised by the pagan Arabs, [149], [243]
• Initiation, the Isma‘ilite degrees of, [273]
• Inquisition (mihna) established by -Ma’mun, [368], [369]
• -Insan al-Kamil, the Perfect Man, [402]
• Inscriptions, the Babylonian and Assyrian, [a]xxv], [4]
• Inscriptions, Himyarite. See Inscriptions, South Arabic
• Inscriptions, Nabatæan, [a]xxv], [3]
• Inscriptions, South Arabic, [a]xvi], [a]xxi], [a]xxvi], [6]-11
• Inspiration, views of the heathen Arabs regarding, [72], [73], [152], [165]
• Intellectual and Philosophical Sciences, the, [282]
• Ionia, the dialect of, [a]xxiii]
• -‘Iqd al-Farúd, [102], [131], [347], [420]
• Iram, [1]
• -‘Iraq, [34], [38], [42], [123], [132], [142], [201], [202], [207], [208], [243], [244], [255], [262], [266], [273], [303], 350, [419], [445].
  • See Babylonia
• -Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba, [456]
• Isabella of Castile, [441]
• Isaiah, [151]
• Isfahan, [14], [131], [268], [280], [326], [347], [355], [419]
• Isfandiyar, [330], [363]
• Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili, [261], [362], [418]
• Ishaq b. Khalaf, [92]
• Ishmael. See Isma‘il
• Isidore of Hispalis, [198]
• Islam, meaning of, [153];
  • cardinal doctrines of, [163]-168;
  • formal and ascetic character of, [168], [224];
  • derived from Christianity and Judaism, [176], [177];
  • pagan elements in, [177];
  • opposed to the ideals of heathendom, [177], [178];
  • identified with the religion of Abraham, [62], [177];
  • a world-religion, [184]
• Isma‘il (Ishmael), [a]xviii], [63], [64]
• Isma‘il (Samanid), [265]
• Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, [267].
  • See -Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad
• Isma‘il b. Naghdala, [428]
• Isma‘ilis, the, [217], [272]-274, [363], [371], [372], [381], [420], [445]
• isnad, [144], [278], [352]
• -Isnawi, [339]
• Israel, [73]
• Istakhr, [356]
• -Istakhri, [356]
• istifa, [228]
• Italy, [412], [414], [441]
• Ithamara (Sabæan king), [4]
• -Ithna -‘ashariyya (the Twelvers), [217]
• I‘timad, name of a slave-girl, [422]
• -Itqan, [145], [455]
• ittihad, [402]
• ‘iyar, [297]
• Iyas b. Qabisa, [53]
• ‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, [461]
• J
• Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar), [204]
• Jabala b. -Ayham (Ghassanid), [50], [51], [52], [53], [54]
• -Jabariyya (the Predestinarians), [224]
• Jabir b. Hayyan, [361], [387]
• jabr (compulsion), [224], [297]
• Jacob, G., [74], [76]
• Jadala (tribe), [429]
• Jadhima al-Abrash, [34], [35], [36], [40]
• Jadis (tribe), [4], [25]
• Jaen, [456]
• Ja‘far, the Barmecide, [260]
• Ja‘far, son of the Caliph -Hadi, [260]
• Jafna, founder of the Ghassanid dynasty, [50]
• Jafnites, the. See Ghassanids, the
• Jaghbub, [468]
• Jahdar b. Dubay‘a, [59]
• -jahiliyya (the Age of Barbarism), [a]xxvi], [30], [31], [34], [71], [90], [158], [287]
• -Jahiz, [267], [280], [346]-347, [375]
• jahiz, [346]
• -Jahiziyya (Mu‘tazilite sect), [346]
• jahl, meaning 'barbarism', [30]
• Jahm b. Safwan, [222]
• -Jahshiyari (Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. ‘Abdus), [458]
• Jalalu ’l-Din Khwarizmshah, [444]
• Jalalu ’l-Din al-Mahalli, [455]
• Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, Persian poet, [298], [393], [404]
• Jallaban, [293]
• -Jamhara fi ’l-Lugha, [343]
• Jamharatu Ash‘ari ’l-‘Arab, [130]
• -Jami (‘Abdu ’l-Rahman), Persian poet, [229], [284], [386], [433]
• -Jami‘, by -Tirmidhi, [337]
• -Jami‘a, [371]
• Jamil, [238]
• Jandal, [245]
• Janissaries, the, [413]
• -Jannabi, [375]
• -Jaradatan (name of two singing girls), [2]
• Jarir (poet), [205], [238], [239], [240], [242], [244]-246
• Jassas b. Murra, [56], [57]
• -Jawf, [9]
• Jawhar, [429]
• -Jawlan, [54]
• Jerusalem, [169], [177], [233], [275], [340], [355], [357]
• Jesus, [215], [216]
• Jews, the, [341].
  • See Judaism
• -Jibal (province), [292], [356], [445]
• Jibril (Gabriel), [150]
• jihad, [430]
• Jinn, the, [72], [112], [119], [152], [165]
• jinni (genie), [165]
• Jirjis -Makin (historian), [355]
• John of Damascus, [221]
• John of Ephesus, [52]
• Johnson, Dr., [286], [313]
• Joktan, [a]xviii]
• Jones, E. R., [433]
• Jones, Sir William, [102], [452]
• Jong, P. de, [366]
• Jordan, the, [446]
• -Jubba’i, [377], [378]
• Judaism, established in -Yemen, [23], [137];
  • zealously fostered by Dhu Nuwas, [26];
  • in Arabia, [137]-140, [149], [158], [170]-172, [173], [176], [177];
  • in Spain, [415], [428], [429];
  • in Sicily, [441]
• Judaism, influence of, on Muhammadan thought, [176], [177], [215], [216]
• -ju‘iyya (the Fasters), [232]
• Juliana of Norwich, [233]
• Junayd of Baghdad, [228], [230], [392], [465]
• Junde-shapur, [358]
• Jurhum (tribe), [a]xviii], [63], [117]
• Jurjan, [339]
• Jurji Zaydan, [435]
• Justinian, [43], [51], [104], [358]
• Justinus (Byzantine Emperor), [27], [52]
• -Juwayni (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), [339], [379]
• Juynboll, [257], [262], [268], [350], [369]
• K
• Ka‘b (tribe), [246]
• Ka‘b b. Zuhayr (poet), [119], [127], [327]
• -Ka‘ba, [63], [64], [65], [67], [101], [117], [154], [155], [157], [164], [169], [177], [198], [319], [400], [403], [467]
• Ka‘bu ’l-Ahbar, [185]
• -Kadhdhab (title of Musaylima), [183]
• Kafur (Ikhshidite), [306], [307]
• Kahlan, [14]
• -Kalabadhi, [338]
• -kalam (Scholasticism), [363], [378]
• Kalb (tribe), [199], [405]
• kalb, [445]
• Kalila and Dimna, the Book of, [346], [363]
• -Kamala (title), [88]
• -kamil (metre), [75]
• -Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir, [355], [379], [429].
  • See Ibnu ’l-Athir
• -Kamil of -Mubarrad, [92], [131], [202], [226], [227], [237], [244], [343]
• kanwakan (a species of verse), [450]
• Karbala, [196], [198], [208], [216], [218], [243], [466]
• Kariba’il Watar, [10]
• -Karkh, a quarter of Baghdad, [267], [385]
• kasb, [379]
• Kashfu ’l-Zunun, [456]
• -Kashshaf, [145]
• katib (secretary), [257], [326]
• Kawadh (Sasanian), [42]
• Kerbogha, [446]
• Khadija, [148], [150], [151], [152], [153], [157]
• -khafif (metre), [75]
• Khalaf, [421]
• Khalaf al-Ahmar, [97], [134], [293], [344]
• Khalid b. -Mudallil, [43]
• Khalid b. -Walid, [184]
• Khalid b. Yazid, [358]
• khalifa (Caliph), [a]xxvii], [175]
• -Khalil b. Ahmad, [75], [285], [343]
• Khamir (village), [19]
• -Khamriyya, by Ibnu ’l-Farid, [396]
• khamriyyat, [294]
• khanaqah (monastery), [229]
• -Khansa (poetess), [126], [127]
• Kharidatu ’l-Qasr, [348]
• khariji (Kharijite), [209]
• Kharijites, the, [193], [207], [208]-213, [221], [222], [239], [248], [259], [428]
• Kharmaythan, [360]
• -Khasib, [373]
• khatib, [271]
• -Khatib, of Baghdad, [355]
• -Khatim b.‘Adi, [94], [96]
• -Khawarij. See Kharijites, the
• -Khawarnaq (castle), [40], [41]
• -Khaybar, [50]
• -Khayf, [237]
• Khazaza, battle of, [5]
• -Khazraj (tribe), [170]
• Khedivial dynasty, the, [468]
• Khidash b. Zuhayr, [95], [96]
• Khindif, [a]xix]
• -Khitat, by -Maqrizi, [453]
• Khiva, [361], [444]
• Khizanatu ’l-Adab, [131]
• Khuda Bukhsh, S., [279]
• Khuday-nama, [348]
• Khulafa al-Rashidun, [a]xxvii].
  • See Caliphs, the Orthodox
• Khurasan, [a]xxviii], [129], [132], [220], [221], [232], [233], [239], [249], [250], [251], [254], [256], [258], [263], [265], [266], [275], [303], [339], [341], [379], [390], [391], [419], [444]
• Khurasan, dialect of, [339]
• khuruj (secession), [209]
• Khusraw Parwez. See Parwez
• khutba, [263], [328]
• Khuza‘a (tribe), [63], [64], [65]
• Khuzayma (tribe), [a]xix]
• Khuzistan, [266], [274], [293], [358]
• Khwarizm, [357], [361], [444]
• -Khwarizmi (Abu ‘Abdallah), [361]
• -kibrit al-ahmar, [399]
• Kilab (tribe), [246]
• Kilab b. Murra, [64]
• -kimiya (the Philosophers' Stone), [401]
• Kimiya’u ’l-Sa‘adat, [340]
• -kimiya’un (the Alchemists), [364]
• Kinana (tribe), [a]xix], [64]
• Kinda (tribe), [a]xviii], [42], [43], [69], [85], [103], [104], [360]
• -Kïndi, [288], [360]
• -Kisa’i (philologist), [261], [343]
• Kisra (title), [45]
• Kitabu ’l-Aghani (the Book of Songs), [19], [26], [31], [32], [37], [43], [44], [46], [47], [53], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [94], [102], [104], [109], [110], [123], [124], [131], [134], [138], [139], [150], [200], [205], [216], [236], [237], [239], [241], [242], [243], [244], [245], [270], [279], [291], [292], [297], [345], [347], [374], [419]
• Kitabu ’l-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, [338]
• Kitabu ’l-Akhbar al-Tiwal, [349]
• Kitabu ’l-Amali, [131]
• Kitabu Ansabi ’l-Ashraf, [349]
• -Kitab al-Awsat, [353]
• Kitabu ’l-‘Ayn, [343]
• Kitabu ’l-Badi‘, [325]
• Kitabu ’l-Bayan wa-’l-Tabyin, [347]
• Kitabu ’l-Falahat al-Nabatiyya, [a]xxv] Kitabu Futuhi ’l-Buldan, [349]
• Kitabu ’l-Hayawan, [346], [375]
• Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar, by Dhahabi, [339]
• Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar, by Ibn Khaldun, [437]
• Kitabu, ’l-Ibil, [345]
• Kitabu ’l-Ishtiqaq, [343]
• Kitabu ’l-Kamil fi ’l-Ta’rikh, [355].
  • See -Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir
• Kitabu Khalq al-Insan, [345]
• Kitabu ’l-Khayl, [345]
• Kitabu ’l-Luma‘, [393]
• Kitabu ’l-Ma‘arif, [a]xviii], [202], [223], [224], [345], [346]
• Kitabu ’l-Maghazi, by Musa b. ‘Uqba, [247]
• Kitabu ’l-Maghazi, by -Waqidi, [144]
• -Kitab al-Mansuri, [265]
• Kitabu ’l-Masalik wa-’l-Mamalik, [356]
• Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal, by Ibn Hazm, [341], [427], [428]
• Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal, by -Shahrastani, [341].
  • See -Shahrastani
• Kitabu ’l-Muluk wa-akhbar al-Madin, [13]
• Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara, [75], [78], [105], [117], [257], [293], [346]
• Kitabu ’l-Ta‘arruf li-Madhhabi ahli ’l-Tasawwuf, [338]
• Kitabu ’l-Tabaqat al-Kabir, [144]
• Kitabu ’l-Tanbih wa-’l-Ishraf, [353], [354]
• -Kitab al-Yamini, [355]
• Kitabu ’l-Zuhd, [247]
• Koran, the, [a]xvii], [a]xx], [a]xxii]-xxv, [a]xxvi], [a]xxvii], [1], [2], [3], [15], [17], [18], [27], [68], [74], [91], [102], [119], [132], [134], [141]-143, [144]-152, [154]-156, [158], [159]-168, [169], [172], [174], [175], [176], [178], [179], [183], [184], [185], [187], [192], [201], [203], [207]-212, [215], [221], [223], [225], [231], [234], [235], [237], [247], [249], [273], [277], [278], [279], [282], [284], [287], [294], [318], [327], [329], [330], [342], [343], [344], [363], [365], [368], [369], [375], [378], [379], [397], [398], [403], [408], [417], [433], [449], [454], [455], [460], [461], [462], [463], [467]
• Koran, the, derivation of, [159];
  • collection of, [142];
  • historical value of, [143];
  • arrangement of, [143], [161];
  • style of, [159], [318], [368];
  • not poetical as a whole, [160];
  • held by Moslems to be the literal Word of God, [159], [235];
  • heavenly archetype of, [151], [163], [368];
  • revelation of, [150]-152, [159];
  • designed for oral recitation, [161];
  • commentaries on, [144], [145], [351], [455];
  • imitations of, [318], [368], [375];
  • dispute as to whether it was created or not, [262], [368], [369]
• Koran-readers (-qurra), the, [209], [210], [277]
• Kosegarten, [128]
• Krehl, L., [151], [360]
• Kremer, Alfred von, [13], [14], [18], [19], [23], [24], [101], [139], [140], [220], [221], [225], [233], [279], [281], [302], [304], [316], [318], [321], [323], [324], [360], [373], [379], [383], [399], [439]
• -Kufa, [a]xxiv], [38], [70], [127], [133], [134], [186], [189], [193], [196], [198], [202], [207]-210, [215], [218], [219], [229], [250], [253], [291], [293], [296], [304], [342], [343], [344]
• -Kulab, battle of, [253]
• Kulayb (tribe), [244], [245]
• Kulayb b. Rabi‘a, [5], [55], [56], [57], [76], [93]
• Kulayb b. Wa’il, [110].
  • See Kulayb b. Rabi‘a
• Kulthum b. Malik, [110]
• -Kumayt (poet), [138]
• kunya (name of honour), [45], [50], [112]
• -Kusa‘i, [244]
• Kuthayyir (poet), [216]
• -kutub al-sitta (the Six Books), [337]
• -Kutubi, [449], [452]
• L
• La Fontaine, [469]
• Labid (poet), [50], [109], [119]-121, [128], [139], [140]
• Lagrange, Grangeret de, [396], [417]
• Lahore, [268]
• Lakhmites, the, of -Hira, [33], [38], [39]-49, [54], [69]
• Lamis (name of a woman), [82]
• Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Ajam, [326]
• Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Arab, [79], [80], [89], [134], [326]
• Lamta (tribe), [429]
• Lamtuna (tribe), [429]
• Lane, E. W., [53], [164], [448], [459]
• Lane-Poole, Stanley, [264], [275], [371], [432]
• -Lat (goddess), [135], [155]
• Lata’ifu ’l-Minan, [464]
• Latifi (Turkish biographer), [460]
• Laus duplex (rhetorical figure), [311]
• Law, Muhammadan, the schools of, [283], [284], [363], [465];
  • the first corpus of, [337]
• Lawaqihu ’l-Anwar, [225], [226], [392]
• -Lawh al-Mahfuz, [163], [378]
• Layla, mother of ‘Amr b. Kulthum, [44], [109], [110]
• Layla, the beloved of -Majnun, [238]
• Le Strange, G., [256], [356], [357]
• Learning, Moslem enthusiasm for, [281]
• Lees, Nassau, [386]
• Leo the Armenian, [359]
• Letter-writing, the art of, [267]
• Lexicon, the first Arabic, [343]
• Library of Nuh II, the Samanid, [265], [266];
  • of Hakam II, the Spanish Umayyad, [419]
• Linguistic Sciences, the, [282]
• Lippert, [370]
• Lisanu ’l-Arab, [456]
• Lisanu ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-Khatib. See Ibnu ’l-Khatib
• Literary culture despised by the Arabs, [278]
• litham, [423]
• Littmann, Enno, [73]
• Logos, the, [403]
• Lollards, the, [374]
• Longland, [450]
• Loth, O., [1]
• Lourdes, [382]
• Love, Divine, the keynote of Sufiism, [231];
  • two kinds of, [234];
  • an ineffable mystery, [387];
  • hymn of, [396];
  • in Sufi poetry, [234], [397], [398], [402], [403]
• Loyalty, as understood by the heathen Arabs, [83]-85
• Lucian, [319]
• -lugha (Lexicography), [283]
• Luhayy, [63]
• Lull, Raymond, [404]
• Lu’lu’, [304]
• Luqman b. ‘Ad (king), [2], [14]
• -Luzumiyyat, [315], [316], [319], [323], [324]
• Luzumu ma la yalzam, [315].
  • See -Luzumiyyat
• Lyall, Sir Charles, [32], [54], [71], [75], [82], [89], [92], [97], [101], [109], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [117], [118], [120], [121], [125], [129], [139], [140], [149]
• M
• Ma’ al-Sama (surname), [41]
• Ma’ab, [63]
• ma‘ad (place of return), [215]
• Ma‘add, [a]xix], [a]xx], [112]
• Ma‘arratu ’l-Nu‘man, [313], [314], [323]
• -Ma‘arri (Abu ’l-‘Ala), [448].
  • See Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri
• Ma‘bad (singer), [236]
• Ma‘bad al-Juhani, [224]
• Macbeth, Arabian parallel to an incident in, [25]
• Macdonald, D. B., [273], [378], [382], [433]
• Macedonia, [276]
• Machiavelli, [439]
• Macoraba, [5], [62]
• Madagascar, [352]
• -Mada’in (Ctesiphon), [29], [33], [46], [47], [48].
  • See Ctesiphon
• Mada’in Salih, [3]
• -madh al-muwajjah, [311]
• -madid (metre), [98]
• madih (panegyric), [78], [294]
• Madinatu ’l-Salam, [255].
  • See Baghdad
• Madrid, [420]
• mafakhir, [100]
• maghazi, [247]
• -Maghrib, [460]
• Magi (Magians), the. See Zoroastrians, the
• Magian fire-temple at Balkh, the, [259]
• Mahaffy, J. P., [82]
• Mahdi, the, [216], [217], [248], [249], [274], [431]
• -Mahdi, the Caliph, [103], [128], [257], [258], [296], [343], [367], [373], [374], [418]
• -Mahdiyya, [274]
• Mahmud (Ghaznevid), [268]-269, [355]
• Mahra, dialect of, [a]xxi]
• Maimonides, [434]
• Majdu ’l-Din al-Fúrúzábádú. See -Fúrúzábádú -Majmu‘ al-Mubarak, [355]
• -Majnun, [238]
• majnun, [165]
• Malaga, [410], [421], [428], [434]
• Malik (boon companion of Jadhima), [35]
• Malik (brother of Qays b. Zuhayr), [61]
• Malik the Azdite, [34]
• Malik, the slayer of -Khatim b. ‘Adi, [94], [95]
• Malik b. Anas, [284], [337], [366], [408]
• -Malik al-Dillil (title of Imru’u ’l-Qays), [104]
• -Malik al-Kamil (Ayyubid), [395], [434]
• -Malik al-Salih Najmu’l-Din (Ayyubid), [447]
• Malik Shah (Seljuq), [275], [276], [326], [340]
• -Malik al-Zahir (Ayyubid), [275]
• -Malik al-Zahir Baybars. See Baybars, Sultan
• Malikite books burned by the Almohades, [433]
• Malikite school of Law, the, [408]
• Mameluke dynasty, the, [a]xxix], [442], [446], [447], [448], [453], [464]
• Mamelukes, the, [413]
• mamluk, [447]
• -Ma’mun, the Caliph, [92], [129], [255], [257], [262], [283], [284], [302], [343], [358]-359, [361], [368], [369], [373], [388]
• Manat (goddess), [135], [155]
• Mandeville, Sir John, [a]xxv]
• Manfred, [441]
• -Manfuha, [124]
• Mani (Manes), [364], [375]
• Manichæans, the, [218], [297], [341], [372]-375.
  • See Zindiqs, the
• -Mansur, the Caliph, [128], [206], [252], [253], [255], [257], [258]-259, [291], [314], [337], [346], [349], [358], [373], [407]
• Mansur I (Samanid), [265], [352]
• -Mansur Ibn Abi ‘Amir, [412], [413], [426]
• Mantle Ode (-Burda), the, [326], [327]
• maqama, [328]
• -Maqamat, of Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al- Hamadhani, [328], [329]
• -Maqamat, of -Hariri, [329]-336
• Maqamu Ibrahim, [63]
• -Maqdisi. See -Muqaddasi
• -Maqqari, [399], [401], [413], [418], [419], [427], [436], [454]
• -Maqrizi (Taqiyyu ’l-Din), [453]
• -Maqsura, [343]
• Marabout, modern form of murabit, [430]
• Marasidu ’l-Ittila‘, [357]
• marathi, [294]
• Marathon, battle of, [174]
• Marcion, [364]
• Margoliouth, Prof. D. S., [a]xxiv], [183], [267], [314], [316], [317], [319], [357], [469]
• Mariaba, [5]
• Ma’rib, [2], [5], [9], [14], [15], [16], [17], [50].
  • See Dyke of Ma’rib
• Maridin, [449]
• ma‘rifat (gnosis), [386]
• Marinid dynasty, the, [442]
• Mariya, mother of -Mundhir III, [41]
• Mariya (name of a handmaiden), [46], [47]
• Mariya of the Ear-rings, [50]
• Marj Rahit, battle of, [199]
• Marr al-Zahran, [95]
• Marriage, a loose form of, prevailing among the Shi‘ites, [262]
• Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, [385], [386], [388]
• Marwan I (Umayyad Caliph), [199]
• Marwan II (Umayyad Caliph), [181], [251], [253], [347]
• -Marzuqi (philologist), [128]
• Masabihu ’l-Sunna, [337]
• Masaliku ’l-Mamalik, [356]
• -mashaf, [294]
• Mashhad -Husayn, [466]
• Maslama b. Ahmad, [420]
• Masruq, [28]
• Mas‘ud, Sultan, [329].
  • See Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud
• -Mas‘udi, [13], [15], [37], [195], [203], [205], [206], [259], [260], [267], [349], [352]-354, [387], [456]
• Materia Medica, by Ibnu ’l-Baytar, [434]
• mathalib, [100], [280]
• Mathnawi, the, by Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, [404]
• -Matin, [428]
• matla‘, [309]
• matn, [144]
• Mauritania, [412]
• -Mawa‘iz wa ’l-I‘tibar fi dhikri ’l-Khitat wa ’l-Athar, [453]
• -Mawali (the Clients), [198], [207], [219], [222], [248], [250], [278], [279], [373]
• -Mawali (the Clients), coalesce with the Shi‘ites, [198], [219], [220], [250];
  • treated with contempt by the Arabs, [219], [248], [278], [279];
  • their culture, [248];
  • their influence, [278], [279]
• mawaliyya, a species of verse, [450]
• -Mawardi, [337], [338]
• Mawiyya, mother of -Mundhir III, [41]
• Mawiyya, wife of Hatim of Tayyi’, [87]
• -Maydani, [31].
  • See Proverbs, Arabic
• Maymun b. Qays. See -A‘sha Maysun, [195]
• Mazdak, [42], [258], [364]
• Mazyar, [375]
• Mecca, [a]xviii], [a]xxiii], [a]xxvi], [a]xxvii], [2], [3], [5], [6], [22], [28], [53], [62], [63], [64], [65]-68, [101], [102], [114], [117], [146], [150], [154]-156, [158], [169], [171], [174], [175], [196], [198], [202], [236], [249], [274], [319], [339], [340], [395], [396], [429], [431], [434], [439], [466], [468]
• Mecca, Pre-islamic history of, [62];
  • attacked by the Abyssinians, [66]-69;
  • submits to the Prophet, [64], [175]
• Mecca, the dialect of, [a]xxiii]
• Meccan Revelations, the, [464].
  • See Futuhat al-Makkiyya
• Meccan Suras of the Koran, the, [160]-168
• Media, [356]
• Medina (-Madina), [a]xxvi], [a]xxvii], [3], [21], [22], [49], [50], [52], [62], [71], [84], [150], [157], [158], [169], [170], [171], [173], [175], [176], [177], [181], [185], [186], [188], [198], [208], [209], [236], [241], [243], [337], [339], [365], [466], [468]
• Medina, Suras of the Koran revealed at, [175], [176]
• Mediterranean Sea, the, [5], [255], [275], [404], [412], [444]
• Merv, [252], [346]
• Merx, A., [384], [389]
• Mesopotamia, [35], [186], [238], [240], [269], [355], [358], [385], [388], [411], [446]
• Messiah, Moslem beliefs regarding the, [215]-217, [248], [249].
  • See Mahdi, the
• Metempsychosis, the doctrine of, [267]
• Metres, the Arabian, [74], [75]
• Mevlevi dervish order, the, [393]
• mihna, [368]
• -Mihras, [124]
• Mihrgan, Persian festival, [250]
• Milton, [212]
• Mina, [119]
• Minæan language, the, [a]xxi]
• Minæans, the, [7]
• minbar (pulpit), [199]
• Minqar, [57]
• Miqlab (castle), [24]
• Miracles demanded by the Quraysh from Muhammad, [165];
  • falsely attributed to Muhammad, [166]
• -Mi‘raj (the Ascension of the Prophet), [169], [403]
• Mir’atu ’l-Zaman, [355]
• Mishkatu ’l-Masabih, [337]
• Misr (Old Cairo), [394]
• misra‘ (hemistich), [74]
• -Mishar, [455].
  • See -Muzhir
• Moguls, the Great, [a]xxix], [444]
• Moliere, [469]
• Monasticism, alien to Islam, [225]
• Mongol Invasion, the, [a]xxiv], [a]xxix], [a]xxx], [272], [277], [326], [443], [444]-446
• Mongols, the, [254], [264], [275], [442], [443], [462].
  • See Mongol Invasion, the
• Monte Cristo, [469]
• Montrose, [191]
• Mordtmann, [9]
• Morocco, [264], [341], [423], [424], [430], [431], [442]
• Moses, [165], [172], [185], [215], [273], [397]
• Moslem, meaning of, [153]
• Moslems, the first, [153]
• Moslems, the non-Arabian. See -Mawali
• Mosul (-Mawsil), [261], [269], [281], [326], [355], [362], [399], [445], [454]
• -Mu‘allaqat, [77], [82], [101]-121, [128], [131], [416], [459]
• Mu‘awiya b. Abi Sufyan (Caliph), [a]xxviii], [13], [119], [181], [191], [192], [193], [194]-195, [196], [206], [207], [208], [213], [214], [222], [256], [377], [407], [426]
• Mu‘awiya b. Bakr (Amalekite prince), [2]
• Mu‘awiya, brother of -Khansa, [126]
• Mu’ayyidu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), [267]
• -Mubarrad (philologist), [92], [131], [202], [226], [237], [244], [343], [344]
• Mudar b. Nizar, [a]xix], [252]
• Mudar, the tribes descended from, [a]xix]
• -Mudhhabat, -Mudhahhabat, [101]
• -Mutaddal al-Dabbi (philologist), [128], [133], [343]
• Mufaddal b. Salama, [31]
• -Mufaddaliyyat, [90], [128], [343]
• -Mughammas, [69]
• muhajat (scolding-match), [238]
• -Muhajirun (the Emigrants), [171], [209]
• Muhalhil b. Rabi‘a, [58], [76], [109], [110]
• -Muhallab b. Abi Sufra, [239]
• -Muhallabi, the Vizier, [267], [347]
• Muhammad, the Prophet, [a]xxiii], [a]xxvi]-xxviii, [3], [10], [15], [18], [27], [30], [51], [62], [64], [65], [66], [69], [70], [71], [74], [86], [87], [105], [124], [132], [134], [135], [137], [139], [141]-180, [181]-183, [186]-188, [190]-193, [201], [202], [207]-209, [213]-218, [223], [224], [229], [231], [233], [235], [237], [249], [250], [251], [257], [258], [267], [273], [274], [277], [278], [279], [280], [318], [327], [330], [341], [342], [348], [349], [355], [356], [380], [383], [392], [400], [403], [420], [428], [433], [449], [455], [462], [463], [465], [467]
• Muhammad, question whether he could read and write, [151];
  • his attitude towards the heathen poets, [159], [212], [235];
  • his aim in the Meccan Suras, [160];
  • his death, [175];
  • his character, [179], [180];
  • biographies of, [144], [146], [247], [349];
  • poems in honour of, [124], [127], [326], [327], [449];
  • mediæval legend of, [327];
  • identified with the Logos, [403];
  • pilgrimage to the tomb of, [463];
  • his tomb demolished by the Wahhabis, [467]
• Muhammad (‘Alid), [258]
• Muhammad (Seljuq), [326]
• Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, [465]-467
• Muhammad b. ‘Ali (‘Abbasid), [251]
• Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, [466], [468]
• Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. -Sanusi, [468]
• Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya, [216], [218], [220]
• Muhammad b. -Hasan, the Imam, [217]
• Muhammad b. Isma‘il, the Imam, [217], [272]-274
• Muhammad al-Kalbi, [348]
• Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, [466]
• -Muhtadi, the Caliph, [264]
• Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, [399]-404, [434], [462]
• Muhyi ’l-Maw’udat (title), [243]
• Muir, Sir W., [142], [143], [146], [156], [184], [197], [338]
• -Mu‘izz (Fatimid Caliph), [420]
• Mu‘izzu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), [266], [267], [347]
• -Mujammi‘ (title), [65]
• Mu‘jamu ’l-Buldan, [17], [357]
• Mu‘jamu ’l-Udaba, [357]
• Mukarrib (title), [10]
• -Mukhadramun (a class of poets), [127]
• -Mukhtar, [198], [218]-220, [250]
• -Mukhtarat, [128]
• -Muktafi, the Caliph, [257], [269], [325]
• -Mulaththamun, [423]
• Müller, A., [5], [101], [261], [266], [355], [429]
• Muuml;ller, D. H., [9], [10], [12], [13], [17], [18], [24]
• Multan, [203]
• Muluku ’l-Tawa’if (the Party Kings of Spain), [414]
• -Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), [171], [172], [176]
• -Munakhkhal (poet), [49]
• -Mundhir I (Lakhmite), [41]
• -Mundhir III (Lakhmite), [41]-44, [45], [50], [51], [60], [87], [103], [104]
• -Mundhir IV (Lakhmite), [45], [47]
• -Mundhir b. -Harith (Ghassanid), [50], [52]
• -Mundhir b. Ma’ al-sama, [50], [51].
  • See -Mundhir III
• -Munjibat (title), [88]
• Munk, S., [360]
• -Munqidh mina ’l-Dalal, [340], [380]
• munshi, [326]
• -Muqaddasi (geographer), [356], [357], [409]
• -Muqaddima, of Ibn Khaldun, [32], [229], [278], [289], [437]-440.
  • See Ibn Khaldun
• -Muqanna‘, [258]
• -Muqattam, Mt., [394], [396]
• -Muqtabis, [428]
• -Muqtadir, the Caliph, [325], [343], [399]
• -murabit, [430]
• -Murabitun, [433].
  • See Almoravides, the
• murid, [392]
• murji’ (Murjite), [221]
• Murjites, the, [206], [220], [221]-222, [428]
• Murra, [56], [57], [58]
• Mursiya (Murcia), [399]
• Muruju ’l-Dhahab, [13], [15], [37], [195], [203], [205], [206], [259], [260], [267], [349], [353], [354], [387], [457]
• muruwwa (virtue), [72], [82], [178], [287]
• Musa b. Maymun (Maimonides), [434]
• Musa b. Nusayr, [203], [204], [405]
• Musa b. ‘Uqba, [247]
• Mus‘ab, [199]
• Musaylima, [183]
• -Mushtarik, [357]
• Music in Pre-Isiamic Arabia, [236]
• Musicians, Arab, [236]
• -musiqi (Music), [283]
• Muslim (Moslem), meaning of, [153]
• Muslim (author of -Sahih), [144], [337]
• Muslim b. ‘Aqil, [196]
• Muslim b. -Walid (poet), [261]
• musnad (inscriptions), [6]
• -Mustakfi (Spanish Umayyad), [424]
• -Mustakfi, ‘Abbasid Caliph, [266]
• -Mustansir (‘Abbasid), [448]
• -Mustarshid Billah, the Caliph, [329]
• -Musta‘sim, the Caliph, [254], [445]
• -Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifa, [210]
• -mut‘a, [262]
• -Mu‘tadid (‘Abbadid), [421], [425]
• -Mu‘tadid (‘Abbasid Caliph), [325]
• -Mu‘tamid (‘Abbadid), [421]-424
• -Mutajarrida, [49], [122]
• -Mutalammis (poet), [107], [108], [138]
• Mutammim b. Nuwayra, [127]
• -Mutanabbi (poet), [266], [269], [270], [289], [290], [291], [292], [304]-313, [315], [316], [324], [396], [416], [448]
• mutasawwifa (aspirants to Sufiism), [229]
• -Mu‘tasim, the Caliph, [129], [257], [263], [369], [375]
• -Mutawakkil, the Caliph, [257], [264], [284], [344], [350], [369], [375], [376], [388]
• mutawakkil, [233]
• Mu‘tazilites, the, [206], [220], [222]-224, [225], [230], [262], [268], [284], [346], [367]-370, [376], [377], [378], [392], [409], [428], [431]
• -Mu‘tazz, the Caliph, [325]
• -Muti‘, the Caliph, [353]
• Muti‘ b. Iyas (poet), [291], [292]
• muwahhid, [432]
• -Muwalladun, [278], [408]
• muwashshah, verse-form, [416], [417], [449]
• -Muwatta’, [337], [408], [409]
• Muzaffar Qutuz (Mameluke), [446]
• Muzayna (tribe), [116]
• -Muzayqiya (surname), [15]
• -Muzhir, [71], [455]
• Mystical poetry of the Arabs, the, [325], [396]-398, [403]
• Mysticism. See Sufiism
• N
• -Nabat, the Nabatæans, [a]xxv], [279]
• Nabatæan, Moslem use of the term, [a]xxv]
• Nabatæan Agriculture, the Book of, [a]xxv]
• Nabatæan inscriptions, [a]xxv], [3]
• -Nabigha al-Dhubyam (poet), [39], [49], [50], [54], [86], [101], [121]-123, [128], [139]
• nadhir (warner), [164]
• Nadir (tribe), [170]
• -Nadr b. -Harith, [330]
• Nafahatu ’l'Uns, by Jami, [386]
• Nafhu ’l-Tib, by -Maqqari, [399], [413], [436]
• Nafi‘ b. -Azraq, [208]
• -Nafs al-zakiyya (title), [258]
• -Nahhas (philologist), [102]
• -Nahrawan, battle of, [208]
• -nahw (grammar), [283]
• Na’ila, [35]
• -Najaf, [40]
• -Najashi (the Negus), [26], [27], [28]
• Najd, [a]xvii], [62], [107], [466]
• Najda b. ‘Amir, [209]
• Najdites (a Kharijite sect), the, [208]
• Najran, [26], [27], [105], [124], [136], [137], [162]
• Na‘man, [11]
• Namir (tribe), [a]xix] Napoleon, [468]
• -Naqa’id, of -Akhtal and Jarir, [240]
• -Naqa’id, of Jarir and -Farazdaq, [239]
• Naqb al-Hajar, [8]
• -Nasafi (Abu ’l-Barakat), [456]
• -Nasa’i, [337]
• Nashwan b. Sa‘id al-Himyari, [12], [13]
• nasib (erotic prelude), [77], [310]
• Nasim, a place near Baghdad, [461]
• -Nasimi (the Hurufi poet), [460], [461]
• Nasir-i Khusraw, Persian poet, [323]
• Nasiru ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), [269], [411]
• Nasr b. Sayyar, [251]
• Nasr II (Samanid), [265]
• Nasrid dynasty of Granada, the, [435], [442]
• nat‘, [257]
• -Nawaji (Muhammad b. -Hasan), [417]
• Nawar, wife of -Farazdaq, [243], [244]
• Nawar, the beloved of Labid, [121]
• Nawruz, Persian festival, [250]
• Naysabur, [232], [276], [338], [339], [340], [348]
• Nazmu ’l-Suluk, [396]
• -Nazzam, [369]
• Neo-platonism, [360], [384], [389], [390]
• Neo-platonist philosophers welcomed by Nushirwan, [358]
• Nero, [325]
• Nessus, [104]
• Nicephorus, [261]
• Niebuhr, Carsten, [7]
• Night journey of Muhammad, the, [169], [403]
• Night of Power, the, [150]
• Nihayatu ’l-Aráb, [455]
• Nile, the, [a]xxviii], [264], [354], [455]
• Nirvana, [233], [391]
• -Nizamiyya College, at Baghdad, [276], [340], [380], [431]
• -Nizamiyya College, at Naysabur, [276], [340]
• Nizamu ’l-Mulk, [276], [340], [379]
• Nizar, [a]xix]
• Noah, [xv], [a]xviii], [165]
• Nöldeke, Th., [xv], [a]xx], [a]xxiii], [a]xxv], [5], [27], [29], [38], [42], [44], [45], [48], [49], [51], [52], [54], [55], [57]-60, [66], [70], [78], [80], [83], [101], [102], [103], [109], [113], [122], [123], [126], [127], [130], [134], [145], [151], [160], [167], [172], [184], [195], [228], [237], [238], [249], [252], [258], [288]
• Nomadic life, characteristics of, [439], [440]
• Nominalists, [367]
• Normans, the, [441]
• Nubia, [387]
• Nuh I (Samanid), [265]
• Nuh II (Samanid), [265]
• -Nujum al-Záhira, [257], [262], [268], [369], [454]
• -Nu‘man I (Lakhmite), [40], [41], [139]
• -Nu‘man III (Lakhmite), [45]-49, [50], [53], [54], [69], [86], [121], [122]
• -Nu‘man al-Akbar. See Nu‘man I
• -Nu‘man al-A‘war (Lakhmite). See -Nu‘man I
• -Nu‘man b. -Mundhir Abu Qabus. See -Nu‘man III
• Numayr (tribe), [245], [246]
• -Nuri (Abu ’l-Husayn), [392]
• Nushirwan (Sasanian king), [29], [42], [45], [358]
• -Nuwayri, [15], [455]
• Nyberg, H. S., [404]
• O
• Occam, [367]
• Ockley, Simon, [433]
• Ode, the Arabian, [76]-78.
  • See qasida
• Odenathus, [33], [35]
• Odyssey, the, [a]xxii]
• O'Leary, De Lacy, [360]
• Ordeal of fire, the, [23]
• Orthodox Caliphs, the, [a]xxiii], [a]xxvii], [181]-193
• Orthodox Reaction, the, [284], [376].
  • See -Ash‘ari
• Osiander, [9]
• Ottoman Turks, the, [a]xxix], [442], [447], [464]-467
• Oxus, the, [a]xxviii], [341], [444]
• P
• Pahlavi (Pehlevi) language, the, [214], [330], [346], [348], [358]
• Palermo, [441]
• Palestine, [52], [104], [137], [229]
• Palmer, E. H., [172], [176], [260]
• Palms, the Feast of, [54]
• Palm-tree, verses on the, by ‘Abd al-Rahman I, [418]
• Palm-trees of Hulwan, the two, [292]
• Palmyra, [33], [53]
• Panegyric, two-sided (rhetorical figure), [311]
• Panjab (Punjaub), the, [203], [268]
• Pantheism, [231], [233], [234], [275], [372], [390], [391], [394], [402], [403], [460]
• Paracelsus, [388]
• Paradise, the Muhammadan, burlesqued by Abu’l -‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, [318], [319]
• Parthian kings, the, [457]
• Parwez, son of Hurmuz (Sasanian), [48], [69]
• Passion Play, the, [218]
• Paul and Virginia, [469]
• Pavet de Courteille, [349]
• Pearl-fishing in the Persian Gulf, [354]
• Pedro of Castile, [437]
• Penitents, the (a name given to certain Shi‘ite insurgents), [218]
• Pentateuch, the, [165], [171], [323]
• Perfect Man, doctrine of the, [402]
• Persecution of the early Moslems, [154], [155], [157];
  • of heretics, [224], [368], [369], [372]-375, [376], [436], [460], [461]
• Persepolis, [356]
• Persia, [a]xxiv], [a]xxvii], [a]xxix], [21], [29], [33], [34], [38], [41], [42], [48], [113], [169], [182], [184], [185], [188], [208], [214], [247], [255], [258], [265], [266], [274], [279], [328], [348], [349], [390], [394], [404], [444], [446], [454], [457]
• Persia, the Moslem conquest of, [184]
• Persia, the national legend of, [349]
• Persian divines, influence of the, [278]
• Persian Gulf, the, [4], [107], [354], [357]
• Persian influence on Arabic civilisation and literature, [a]xxviii], [a]xxix], [182], [250], [256], [265], [267], [276]-281, [287], [288], [290], [295], [418]
• Persian influence on the Shi‘a, [214], [219]
• Persian Kings, History of the, translated by Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, [348]
• Persian literature, fostered by the Samanids and Buwayhids, [265], [303]
• Persian Moslems who wrote in Arabic, [a]xxx], [a]xxxi], [276]-278
• Persians, the, rapidly became Arabicised, [280], [281]
• Persians, the, in -Yemen, [29]
• Petra, [a]xxv], [5]
• Petrarch, [425]
• Pharaoh, [162], [403]
• Pharaohs, the, [4], [5]
• Philip III, [441]
• Philistines, the, [3]
• Philologists, the Arab, [a]xxiv], [32], [127], [128], [133], [246], [341]-348 Philosophers, the Greeks [341], [363]
• Philosophers, the Moslem, [360], [361], [381], [382], [432]-434
• Philosophers and scientists, Lives of the, by Ibnu ’l-Qifti, [355]
• Philosophus Autodidactus, [433]
• Phœnician language, the, [a]xvi]
• Phœnicians, the, [xv]
• Physicians, History of the, by Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, [266], [355]
• Piers the Plowman, [450]
• Pietists, the, [207], [208]
• Pilgrimage to Mecca, the, [63], [65], [135], [136], [319]
• Pilgrimage, of the Shi‘ites, to the tomb of -Husayn at Karbala, [218], [466]
• pir (Persian word), [392]
• Plato, [204]
• Plutarch, [363]
• Pocock, E., [433]
• Poems of the Hudhaylites, the, [128]
• Poems, the Pre-islamic, [a]xxii], [a]xxiii], [30], [31], [71]-140, [282], [285]-289, [290];
  • chief collections of, [127]-131;
  • the tradition of, [131]-134;
  • first put into writing, [132]
• Poems, the Suspended. See -Mu‘allaqat
• Poetics, work on, by Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz, [325]
• Poetry, Arabian, the origins of, [72]-75;
  • the decline of, not due to Muhammad, [235];
  • in the Umayyad period, [235]-246;
  • in the ‘Abbasid period, [285]-336;
  • in Spain, [415]-417, [425], [426];
  • after the Mongol Invasion, [448]-450
• Poetry, conventions of the Ancient, criticised, [286], [288], [315]
• Poetry, Muhammadan views regarding the merits of, [308]-312;
  • intimately connected with public life, [436];
  • seven kinds of, [450]
• Poetry, the oldest written Arabic, [138]
• Poetry and Poets, Book of, by Ibn Qutayba. See Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara
• Poets, the Modern, [289]-336;
  • judged on their merits by Ibn Qutayba, [287];
  • pronounced superior to the Ancients, [288], [289]
• Poets, the Pre-islamic, character and position of, [71]-73;
  • regarded as classical, [a]xxiii], [72], [285], [286]
• Politics, treatise on, by -Mawardi, [337], [338]
• Portugal, [416]
• Postal service, organised by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, [201]
• Postmaster, the office of, [45]
• Prætorius, F., [10]
• Prayers, the five daily, [149], [168]
• Predestination, [157], [223], [224], [378], [379]
• Preston, Theodore, [330]
• Prideaux, W. F., [11], [13]
• Primitive races in Arabia, [1]-4
• Proclus, [389]
• Procreation, considered sinful, [317]
• Prophecy, a, made by the Carmathians, [322]
• Prose, Arabic, the beginnings of, [31]
• Proverbs, Arabic, [3], [16], [31], [50], [84], [91], [109], [244], [292], [373]
• Ptolemies, the, [276]
• Ptolemy (geographer), [3], [358]
• Public recitation of literary works, [314]
• Pyramids, the, [354]
• Pyrenees, the, [a]xxviii], [204]
• Pythagoras, [102]
• Q
• Qabus (Lakhmite), [44], [45], [52]
• qadar (power), [224]
• -Qadariyya (the upholders of free-will), [224]
• qaddah (oculist), [271]
• qadú ’l-qudat (Chief Justice), [395]
• Qadiri dervish order, the, [393]
• -Qahira, [275], [394].
  • See Cairo qahramana, [457]
• Qahtan, [a]xviii], [12], [14], [18], [200]
• Qala’idu ’l-‘Iqyan, [425]
• -Qamus, [403], [456]
• -Qanun, [361]
• qara’a, [159]
• -Qarafa cemetery, [396]
• -Qaramita, [274].
  • See Carmathians, the
• qarawi, [138]
• qarn, meaning 'ray', [18]
• qasida (ode), [76]-78, [105], [288]
• qasida (ode), form of the, [76], [77];
  • contents and divisions of the, [77], [78];
  • loose structure of the, [134];
  • unsuitable to the conditions of urban life, [288]
• Qasidatu ’l-Burda. See -Burda Qasidatu ’l-Himyariyya, [12]
• Qasir, [36], [37]
• Qasirin, [111]
• Qasiyun, Mt., [399]
• -Qastallani, [455]
• Qatada, [294]
• Qatari b. -Fuia’a, [213]
• -Qayrawan, [264], [429]
• Qays ‘Aylan (tribe), [a]xix], [199], [293], [405]
• Qays b. -Khatim, [94]-97, [137]
• Qays b. Zuhayr, [61], [62]
• Qaysar (title), [45]
• Qazwin, [445]
• -Qazwini (geographer), [416]
• Qift, [355]
• qiyas, [297]
• Qoniya, [404]
• Quatremère, M., [a]xxv], [437], [445], [453]
• Qudar the Red, [3]
• Qumis (province), [391]
• -Qur’an, [159].
  • See Koran, the
• Quraysh (tribe), [a]xix], [a]xxiii], [a]xxvii], [22], [64], [65]-68, [117], [124], [134], [142], [146], [153]-158, [164], [165], [170], [174], [175], [183], [207], [216], [237], [241], [279], [330], [347], [375], [407], [417]
• Quraysh, the dialect of, [a]xxiii], [142];
  • regarded as the classical standard, [a]xxiii], [134]
• Qurayza (tribe), [21], [170]
• qurra (Readers of the Koran), [277].
  • See Koran-readers, the
• Qusayy, [64], [65], [146]
• -Qushayri, [226], [227], [228], [230], [338], [379]
• Quss b. Sa‘ida, [136]
• qussas, [374]
• Qusta b. Luqa, [359]
• Qutu ’l-Qulub, [338], [393]
• R
• rabad, [409]
• Rabi‘, son of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, [88]
• Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, [227], [232], [233]-234
• Rabi‘a b. Nizar, [a]xix], [5]
• Rabi‘a (b. Nizar), the descendants of, [a]xix]
• Racine, [469]
• -Radi, the Caliph, [376]
• Radwa, Mount, [216]
• Rafidites, the, [268].
  • See Shi‘ites, the
• Ra‘i ’l-ibil (poet), [245], [246]
• raj‘a (palingenesis), [215]
• -rajaz (metre), [74], [75], [76], [77]
• Rakhman, [126]
• Rakusians, the, [149]
• Ralfs, C. A., [327]
• Ramadan, the Fast of, [224], [450]
• Ramla, [229]
• Raqqada, [274]
• Rasa’ilu Ikhwan al-Safa, [370], [371]
• Rasmussen, [61]
• Rationalism. See Mu‘tazilites and Free-thought
• -Rawda, island on the Nile, [455]
• rawi (reciter), [131]
• Rawis, the, [131]-134
• Raydan, [10]
• -Rayy, [258], [259], [268], [333], [350], [361], [420], [445]
• -Rayyan, [120]
• -Razi (Abu Bakr), physician, [361].
  • See Abu Bakr al-Razi
• -Razi (Abu Bakr), historian, [420]
• Reading and writing despised by the pagan Arabs, [39]
• Realists, [368]
• Red Sea, the, [4], [5], [62]
• Reformation, the, [468]
• Reforms of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, [201];
  • of ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, [205]
• Register of ‘Umar, the, [187], [188]
• Reiske, [15], [102], [308], [312], [316], [331]
• Religion, conceived as a product of the human mind, [317]
• Religion of the Sabæans and Himyarites, [10], [11];
  • of the Pagan Arabs, [56], [135]-140, [164], [166];
  • associated with commerce, [135], [154]
• Religions and Sects, Book of, by -Shahrastam, [341];
  • by Ibn Hazm, [341].
  • See Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal
• Religious ideas in Pre-islamic poetry, [117], [119], [123], [124], [135]-140
• Religious literature in the ‘Abbasid period, [337]-341
• Religious poetry, [298]-302
• Renaissance, the, [443]
• Renan, [xv], [432]
• Renegades, the, [408], [415], [426]
• Resurrection, the, [166], [215], [297], [299], [316]
• Revenge, views of the Arabs concerning, [93], [94];
  • poems relating to, [97]
• Rhages. See -Rayy Rhapsodists, the, [131]
• Rhazes, [265], [361].
  • See Abu Bakr al-Razi
• Rhetoric, treatise on, by -Jahiz, [347]
• Rhinoceros, the, [354]
• Rhymed Prose. See saj‘
• Ribah b. Murra, [25]
• ribat, [276], [430]
• Richelieu, [195]
• Rifa‘i dervish order, the, [393]
• -Rijam, [119]
• Risalatu ’l-Ghufran, [166], [167], [206], [318], [319], [375]
• -Risalat al-Qushayriyya, [226], [227], [338]
• Roderic, [204], [405]
• Rödiger, Emil, [8]
• Roger II of Sicily, [434]
• Rome, [33], [34], [41], [43], [50], [52], [113], [252], [314].
  • See Byzantine Empire, the
• Ronda, [410]
• Rosary, use of the, prohibited, [467]
• Rosen, Baron V., [375]
• Rothstein, Dr. G., [37], [53]
• -Rub‘ al-Khali, [a]xvii] Rubicon, the, [252]
• Ruuml;ckert, Friedrich, [93], [97], [104], [292], [332]
• Rudagi, Persian poet, [265]
• Ruhu ’l-Quds (the Holy Ghost), [150]
• -rujz, [152]
• Ruknu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), [266], [267]
• -Rumaykiyya, [422]
• Rushayyid al-Dahdah, [394], [396]
• Rustam, [330], [363]
• Ruzbih, [346].
  • See Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘
• S
• -Sa‘b Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, [17]
• -Sab‘ al-Tiwal (the Seven Long Poems), [103]
• Saba (Sheba), [a]xxv], [1], [4], [5], [6], [10], [16], [17].
  • See Sabæans, the
• Saba (person), [14]
• Sabæan language, the, [a]xvi].
  • See South Arabic language, the
• Sabæans, the, [xv], [a]xvii], [a]xviii], [a]xx], [a]xxi], [1], [4], [5], [7], [14], [17]
• Saba’ites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, [215], [216], [217], [219]
• Sabians, the, [149], [341], [354], [358], [363], [364], [388]
• -Sab‘iyya (the Seveners), [217]
• Sabota, [5]
• Sabuktagin, [268]
• Sabur I, [33]
• Sabur b. Ardashir, [267], [314]
• Sachau, E., [a]xxii], [361]
• Sacy, Silvestre de, [8], [80], [102], [353], [354]
• Sa‘d (client of Jassas b. Murra), [56], [57]
• Sa‘d (tribe), [147]
• Sa‘d b. Malik b. Dubay‘a, [57]
• sada (owl or wraith), [94], [166]
• Sa‘d-ilah, [11]
• sadin, [259]
• -Sadir (castle), [41]
• Sadru ’l-Din of Qoniya, [404]
• safa (purity), [228], [370]
• Safa, the inscriptions of, [a]xxi]
• -Safadi, [326], [456]
• Safar-Nama, [324]
• Safawid dynasty, the, [a]xxix]
• -Saffah, [253], [254], [257], [259]
• -Saffah b. ‘Abd Manat, [253]
• -Saffah, meaning of the title, [253]
• -Saffar (title), [265]
• Saffarid dynasty, the, [265]
• safi (pure), [228]
• Safiyyu ’l-Din al-Hilli (poet), [449], [450]
• sag (Persian word), [445]
• -Sahaba (the Companions of the Prophet), [229]
• Sahara, the, [423], [429], [468]
• -Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, [267], [347]
• Sahibu ’l-Zanadiqa (title), [373]
• -Sahih, of -Bukhari, [144], [146], [337]
• -Sahih, of Muslim, [144], [337]
• Sahl b. ‘Abdallah al-Tustari, [392]
• Sa‘id b. -Husayn, [274]
• St. John, the Cathedral of, [203]
• St. Thomas, the Church of, at -Hira, [46]
• Saints, female, [233]
• Saints, the Moslem, [386], [393], [395], [402], [403], [463], [467]
• saj (rhymed prose), [74], [75], [159], [327], [328]
• Sakhr, brother of -Khansa, [126], [127]
• Sal‘, [398]
• Saladin, [275], [348], [355]
• Salahu ’l-Din b. Ayyub, [275].
  • See Saladin
• Salama b. Khalid, [253]
• Salaman, [433]
• Salaman (tribe), [79]
• Salamya, [274]
• Salih (prophet), [3]
• Salih (tribe), [50]
• Salih b. ‘Abd al-Quddus, [372]-375
• Salim al-Suddi, [204]
• Saltpetre industry, the, at -Basra, [273]
• Sam b. Nuh, [a]xviii]. See Shem, the son of Noah sama‘ (oral tradition), [297]
• sama‘ (religious music), [394]
• Samah‘ali Yanuf, [10], [17]
• -Sam‘ani [339]
• Samanid dynasty, the, [265], [266], [268], [271], [303]
• Samarcand, [203], [268], [447]
• Samarra, [263]
• -Samaw’al b. ‘Adiya, [84], [85]
• Samuel Ha-Levi, [428], [429]
• San‘a, [8], [9], [17], [24], [28], [66], [215]
• sanad, [144]
• -Sanhaji, [456]
• Sanjar (Seljuq), [264]
• -Sanusi (Muhammad b. Yusuf), [456]
• Sanusiyya Brotherhood, the, [468]
• -Saqaliba, [413]
• Saqtu ’l-Zand, [313], [315]
• Sarabi (name of a she-camel), [56]
• Sargon, King, [4]
• Sari al-Raffa (poet), [270]
• Sari al-Saqati, [386]
• Saruj, [330], [331], [332]
• Sa‘sa‘a, [242]
• Sasanian dynasty, the, [34], [38], [40], [41], [42], [214], [256], [358], [457]
• Sasanian kings, the, regarded as divine, [214]
• Satire, [73], [200], [245], [246]
• Saturn and Jupiter, conjunction of, [322]
• Sa‘ud b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, [466]
• Sawa, [333]
• Sayf b. Dhi Yazan, [29]
• -Sayfiyya College, the, in Cairo, [395]
• Sayfu ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), [269]-271, [303]-307, [311], [313], [360]
• Saylu ’l-‘Arim, [14]
• Schack, A. F. von, [360], [416], [436], [441]
• Schefer, C., [324]
• Scheherazade, [457]
• Scholasticism, Muhammadan, [284], [363], [460].
  • See -Ash‘ari; Ash‘arites; Orthodox Reaction
• Schreiner, [379]
• Schulthess, F., [87]
• Sciences, the Foreign, [282], [283], [358]-364
• Sciences, the Moslem, development and classification of, [282], [283]
• Scripture, People of the, [341]
• Sea-serpent, the, [354]
• Sédillot, [360]
• Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, [8]
• Seleucids, the, [276]
• Self, dying to (fana), the Sufi doctrine of, [233]
• Selim I (Ottoman Sultan), [448]
• Seljuq dynasty, the, [264], [265], [268], [275], [276], [326], [445]
• Seljuq b. Tuqaq, [275]
• Seljuq Turks, the, [275], [444]
• Sell, Rev. E., [468]
• Semites, the, [xv], [a]xvi], [1], [328]
• Semitic languages, the, [xv], [a]xvi] Senegal, [430]
• Seville, [399], [406], [416], [420], [421], [422], [424], [425], [427], [431], [435], [437], [447]
• Shabib, [209]
• Shabwat, [5]
• Shaddad (king), [1]
• Shaddad b. -Aswad al-Laythi, [166]
• Shadharatu ’l-Dhahab, [339], [399], [436], [460]
• -Shadhili (Abu ’l-Hasan), [461]
• Shadhili order of dervishes, [393], [461]
• -Shafi‘i, [284], [409]
• Shafi‘ite doctors, biographical work on the, [339]
• Shahnama, the, by Firdawsi, [265], [325]
• -Shahrastani, [211], [216], [220], [221], [223], [224], [297], [341], [388]
• Shahrazad, [457]
• sha‘ir (poet), [72], [73]
• Shakespeare, [252]
• Shamir b. Dhi ’l-Jawshan, [196], [197], [198]
• Shams (name of a god), [11]
• Shams b. Malik, [81]
• Shamsiyya, Queen of Arabia, [4]
• Shamsu ’l-‘Ulum, [13]
• -Shanfara, [79]-81, [89], [97], [134], [326]
• Shaqiq (Abu ‘Ali), of Balkh, [232], [233], [385]
• Sharahil (Sharahbil), [18]
• -Sha‘rani, [225], [226], [392], [400], [403], [443], [460], [462], [464]-465
• shari‘at, [392]
• -Sharif al-Jurjani, [456]
• -Sharif al-Radi (poet), [314]
• Sharifs, of Morocco, the, [442]
• Sharik b. ‘Amr, [44]
• Shas, [125]
• Shayban (clan of Bakr), [58]
• -Shaykh al-Akbar, [404].
  • See Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi
• Sheba, [4]
• Sheba, the Queen of, [18]
• Shem, the son of Noah, [xv], [a]xviii]
• shi‘a (party), [213]
• Shi‘a, the, [213].
  • See Shi‘ites, the
• -Shifa, [361]
• Shihabu ’l-Din al-Suhrawardi. See -Suhrawardi
• -Shihr, dialect of, [a]xxi]
• Shi‘ites, the, [a]xxviii]. [207], [208], [213]-220, [222], [248], [249], [250], [262], [267], [268], [271]-275, [297], [379], [409], [428], [432], [445], [466]
• shikaft (Persian word), [232]
• -shikaftiyya (the Cave-dwellers), [232]
• Shilb, [416]
• Shiraz, [266], [307]
• Shirazad, [457]
• -Shirbini, [450]
• -shurat (the Sellers), [209]
• Shu‘ubites, the, [279]-280, [344], [372]
• Sibawayhi, [343]
• Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, [355]
• Sicily, [a]xvi], [52], [441]
• siddiq, meaning of, [218], [375]
• -Siddiq (title of Abu Bakr), [183]
• Sidi Khalil al-Jundi, [456]
• Sifatu Jazirat al-‘Arab, [12], [18], [20]
• Siffin, battle of, [192], [208], [377]
• -sihr wa-’l-kimiya (Magic and Alchemy), [283]
• -Sila fi akhbari a’immati ’l-Andalus, [426]
• Silves, [416]
• Simak b. ‘Ubayd, [210]
• Sinbadh the Magian, [258]
• Sindbad, the Book of, [363]
• Sinimmar, [40]
• Siqadanj, [252]
• Siratu ‘Antar, [459]
• Siratu Rasuli ’llah, [349]
• siyaha, [394]
• Siyaru Muluk al-‘Ajam, [348]
• Slane, Baron MacGuckin de, [32], [104], [129], [132], [136], [190], [213], [224], [229], [245], [261], [267], [278], [288], [289], [295], [326], [343], [344], [348], [355], [357], [359], [360], [371], [377], [378], [387], [408], [422], [425], [427], [429], [435], [437], [438], [440], [451]
• Slaves, the, [413]
• Smith, R. Payne, [52]
• Smith, W. Robertson, [56], [199]
• Snouck Hurgronje, [217]
• Socotra, dialect of, [a]xxi]
• Solecisms, work on, by -Hariri, [336]
• Solomon, [a]xvii]
• Solomon Ibn Gabirol, [428]
• Soothsayers, Arabian, [72], [74], [152], [159], [165]
• South Arabic inscriptions, the. See Inscriptions, South Arabic
• South Arabic language, the, [a]xvi], [a]xxi], [6]-11
• Spain, [a]xvi], [a]xxx], [199], [203], [204], [253], [264], [276], [399], [405]-441, [442], [443], [449], [454]
• Spain, the Moslem conquest of, [203], [204], [405]
• Spencer, Herbert, [382]
• Spitta, [378]
• Sprenger, A., [143], [145], [149], [153], [456]
• Steiner, [369]
• Steingass, F., [328]
• Stephen bar Sudaili, [389]
• Stones, the worship of, in pagan Arabia, [56]
• Stories, frivolous, reprobated by strict Moslems, [330]
• Street-preachers, [374]
• Stylistic, manual of, by Ibn Qutayba, [346]
• -Subki (Taju ’l-Din), [461]
• Suetonius, [354]
• suf (wool), [228]
• Sufi, derivation of, [227], [228];
  • meaning of, [228], [229], [230]
• Sufiism, [227]-235, [382], [383]-404, [460], [462], [463]-465
• Sufiism, Arabic works of reference on, [338]
• Sufiism, origins of, [228]-231, [388]-389;
  • distinguished from asceticism, [229], [230], [231];
  • the keynote of, [231];
  • argument against the Indian origin of, [233];
  • composed of many different elements, [389], [390];
  • different schools of, [390];
  • foreign sources of, [390];
  • principles of, [392];
  • definitions of, [228], [385], [392]
• Sufis, the, [206], [327], [339], [381], [460]-465.
  • See Sufiism
• Sufyan b. ‘Uyayna, [366]
• Suhaym b. Wathil (poet), [202]
• -Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar), [230], [232], [338], [396]
• -Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Yahya), [275]
• -Sukkari, [128], [343]
• -Sulayk b. -Sulaka, [89]
• Sulaym (tribe), [a]xix] Sulayma, [34]
• Sulayman (Umayyad Caliph), [200], [203]
• Sulayman al-Bistani, [469]
• -Suli, [297]
• -Suluk li-ma‘rifati Duwali ’l-Muluk, [453]
• -Sumayl b. Hatim, [406]
• Sumayya, [195]
• -Sunan, of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, [337]
• -Sunan, of Ibn Maja, [337]
• -Sunan, of, -Nasa’i, [337]
• -sunna, [144], [234]
• -sunna, collections of traditions bearing on, [337]
• Sunnis, the, [207]
• Sunnis and Shi‘ites. not between the, [445]
• sura, [143], [159]
• Sura of Abu Lahab, the, [160]
• Sura of Coagulated Blood, the, [151]
• Sura of the Elephant, the, [68]
• Sura of the Enwrapped, the, [152]
• Sura of the Morning, the, [152]
• Sura, the Opening, [143], [168]
• Sura of Purification, the, [164].
  • See Suratu ’l-Ikhlas
• Sura of the Severing, the, [161]
• Sura of the Signs, the, [162]
• Sura of the Smiting, the, [163]
• Sura of the Unbelievers, the, [163]
• Suratu ’l-Fatiha (the opening chapter of the Koran), [168].
  • See Sura, the Opening
• Suratu ’l-Ikhlas, [461].
  • See Sura of Purification, the
• Suratu ’l-Tahrim, [454]
• Surra-man-ra’a, [263]
• Surushan, [391]
• -Sus, [431]
• Suwayqa, [398]
• Suyut, [454]
• -Suyuti (Jalalu ’l-Din), [55], [71], [145], [403], [454], [455] Syria, [a]xxiv], [a]xxvii]-xxx, [3], [5], [26], [33], [35], [43], [46], [49], [50], [51], [52], [54], [63], [73], [84], [123], [132], [142], [148], [170], [184], [185], [186], [191], [193], [199], [207], [215], [232], [240], [247], [255], [262], [268], [269], [271], [274], [275], [303], [304], [350], [355], [358], [382], [386], [388], [390], [405], [418], [419], [442], [443], [446], [448], [451], [461], [468]
• Syria, conquest of, by the Moslems, [184]
• T
• Ta’abbata Sharr^an (poet), [79], [81], [97], [107], [126]
• Tabala, [105]
• Tabaqatu 'l-Atibba, [266]
• Tabaqatu ’l-Sufiyya, [338]
• Tabaran, [339]
• -Tabari, [1], [27], [35], [37], [38], [41], [42], [44], [45], [48], [49], [66]-68, [70], [145], [155], [156], [158], [185], [186], [187], [189], [210], [212], [215], [218], [219], [256], [258], [259], [265], [277], [349], [352], [355], [356], [373], [376]
• -Tabari's Annals, abridgment of, by -Bal‘ami, [265], [352]
• Tabaristan, [350]
• tabi‘iyyun, [381]
• -Tabi‘un (the Successors), [229]
• Table, the Guarded, [163]
• Tabriz, [461]
• Tacitus, [194]
• Tadhkiratu ’l-Awliya, by Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, [226], [228], [387]
• tadlis, [145]
• Tafsiru ’l-Jalalayn, [455]
• Tafsiru ’l-Qur‘an, by -Tabari, [1], [145], [351]
• -Taftazani, [456]
• Taghlib (tribe), [a]xix], [44], [55]-60, [61], [76], [93], [107], [109], [110], [112], [113], [240], [253], [269]
• Tahafutu ’l-Falasifa, [341]
• Tahir, [262], [263]
• Tahirid dynasty, the, [263], [265]
• tahrimu ’l-makasib, [297]
• Ta’if, [158]
• -Ta’iyyatu ’l-Kubra, [396], [397], [402]
• -Taiyyatu ’l-Sughra, [397]
• tajrid, [394]
• Talha, [190]
• Ta‘limites, the, [381], [382]
• Talisman, the, [469]
• Tamerlane, [437].
  • See Timur
• Tamim (tribe), [a]xix], [125], [242], [293]
• Tamim al-Dari, [225]
• tanasukh (metempsychosis), [267]
• Tanukh (tribe), [a]xviii], [34], [38]
• taqlid, [402]
• Tarafa (poet), [44], [101], [107]-109, [128], [138], [308]
• tardiyyat, [294]
• Ta’rikhu ’l-Hind, [361]
• Ta’rikhu ’l-Hukama, [355], [370]
• Ta’rikhu ’l-Khamis, [445]
• Ta'rikhu ’l-Khulafa, [455]
• Ta'rikhu ’l-Rusul wa-’l-Muluk, [351]
• Ta'rikhu ’l-Tamaddun al-Islami, [435]
• Tariq, [204], [405]
• Tarjumanu ’l-Ashwaq, [403]
• Tarsus, [361]
• Tartary, [444]
• tasawwuf (Sufiism), [228]
• Tasm (tribe), [4], [25]
• tawaf, [117]
• tawakkut, [233]
• tawhid, [401]
• ta’wil (Interpretation), the doctrine of, [220]
• -tawil (metre), [75], [80]
• -Tawwabun (the Penitents), [218]
• Tayma, [84]
• Tayyi’ (tribe), [a]xviii], [44], [53], [115]
• ta‘ziya (Passion Play), [218]
• Teheran, [361]
• Temple, the, at Jerusalem, [169], [177]
• Tennyson, [79]
• Teresa, St., [233]
• Testament, the Old, [161], [179]
• -Tha‘alibi, [267], [271], [288], [290], [303], [304], [308]-312, [348]
• Thabit b. Jabir b. Sutyan, [81], [126].
  • See Ta’abbata Sharr^an
• Thabit b. Qurra, [359]
• Thabit Qutna, [221]
• Tha‘lab, [344]
• Thales, [363]
• Thamud, [a]x], [3], [162]
• thanawi, [374]
• Thapsus, [274]
• Thaqif (tribe), [69]
• Theodore Abucara, [221]
• Theologians, influence of, in the ‘Abbasid period, [247], [283], [366], [367]
• Thoma (St. Thomas), [46]
• Thomas Aquinas, [367]
• Thorbecke, H., [55], [90], [114], [129], [336], [459]
• Thousand and One Nights, the, [34], [456]-459.
  • See Arabian Nights, the
• -tibb (medicine), [283]
• Tiberius, [194]
• -Tibrizi (commentator), [55], [130]
• Tibullus, [425]
• Tides, a dissertation on, [354]
• Tigris, the, [189], [238], [256], [446]
• -Tihama, [62]
• Tihama, the, of Mecca, [3]
• Tilimsan, [454]
• Timur, [a]xxix], [444], [454].
  • See Tamerlane
• Timur, biography of, by Ibn ‘Arabshah, [454]
• tinnin, [354]
• -Tirimmah (poet), [138]
• -Tirmidhi (Abu ‘Isa Muhammad), [337]
• Titus, [137]
• Tobacco, the smoking of, prohibited, [467]
• Toledo, [204], [421]-423
• Toleration, of Moslems towards Zoroastrians, [184];
  • towards Christians, [184], [414], [441]
• Torah, the, [403].
  • See Pentateuch
• Tornberg, [203], [205], [253], [355], [429]
• Tours, battle of, [204]
• Trade between India and Arabia, [4], [5]
• Trade, expansion of, in the ‘Abbasid period, [281]
• Traditional or Religious Sciences, the, [282]
• Traditions, the Apostolic, collections of, [144], [247], [337]
• Traditions of the Prophet, [143]-146, [237], [277], [278], [279], [282], [337], [356], [378], [462], [463], [464], [465], [467]
• Trajan, [a]xxv]
• Translations into Arabic, from Pehlevi, [330], [346], [348], [358];
  • from Greek, [358], [359], [469];
  • from Coptic, [358];
  • from English and French, [469]
• Translators of scientific books into Arabic, the, [358], [359], [363]
• Transoxania, [203], [233], [263], [265], [266], [275], [360], [419], [444]
• Transoxania, conquest of, by the Moslems, [203]
• Tribal constitution, the, [83]
• Tribes, the Arab, [a]xix], [a]xx] Tripoli, [468]
• Tubba‘s, the (Himyarite kings), [5], [14], [17]-26, [42]
• Tudih, [398]
• tughra, [326]
• tughra’i (chancellor), [326]
• -Tughra’i (poet), [326]
• Tughril Beg, [264], [275]
• tului, [286]
• Tumadir, [126]
• Tunis, [274], [428], [437], [441]
• Turkey, [a]xvi], [169], [394], [404], [448], [466]
• Turkey, the Sultans of, [448]
• Turks, the, [263], [264], [268], [325], [343].
  • See Ottoman Turks; Seljuq Turks
• Tus, [339], [340]
• Tuwayli‘, [398]
• Tuways, [236]
• Twenty Years After, by Dumas, [272]
• U
• ‘Ubaydu’llah, the Mahdi, [274]
• ‘Ubaydu’llah b. Yahya, [350]
• ‘Ubaydu’llah b. Ziyad, [196], [198]
• Udhayna (Odenathus), [33], [35]
• Uhud, battle of, [170], [175]
• ‘Ukaz, the fair of, [101], [102], [135]
• -‘Ulama, [320], [367], [460], [461]
• Ultra-Shi‘ites, the, [258].
  • See -Ghulat
• ‘Uman (province), [4], [62]
• ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad Caliph), [200], [203], [204]-206, [283]
• ‘Umar b. Abi Rabi‘a (poet), [237]
• ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid (poet), [325], [394]-398, [402], [448], [462]
• ‘Umar b. Hatsun, [410]
• ‘Umar b. al-Khattab (Caliph), [a]xxvii], [51], [105], [127], [142], [157], [183], [185]-190, [204], [210], [214], [215], [242], [254], [268], [297], [435]
• ‘Umar Khayyam, [339]
• ‘Umara, [88]
• Umayma (name of a woman), [90], [91], [92]
• Umayya, ancestor of the Umayyads, [65], [146], [181], [190]
• Umayya b. Abi ’l-Salt (poet), [69], [149]-150
• Umayyad dynasty, the, [a]xxviii], [65], [154], [181], [190], [193]-206, [214], [222], [264], [273], [274], [278], [279], [282], [283], [347], [358], [366], [373], [408]
• Umayyad literature, [235]-247
• Umayyads (descendants of Umayya), the, [190], [191].
  • See Umayyad dynasty, the
• Umayyads, Moslem prejudice against the, [154], [193], [194], [197], [207]
• Umayyads of Spain, the, [253], [264], [347], [405]-414
• -‘Umda, by Ibn Rashiq, [288]
• Umm ‘Asim, [204]
• Umm Jamil, [89]
• Unays, [67]
• -‘Urayd, [398]
• Urtuqid dynasty, the, [449]
• Usdu ’l-Ghaba, [356]
• ‘Usfan, [22]
• ustadh, [392]
• Ustadhsis, [258]
• Usyut, [454]
• ‘Utba, a slave-girl, [296]
• -‘Utbi (historian), [269], [354]
• ‘Uthman b. ‘Affan, Caliph, [a]xxvii], [142], [185], [190], [191], [210], [211], [213], [214], [215], [221], [236], [297]
• ‘Uyunu ’l-Akhbar, [346]
• ‘Uyunu ’l-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, [355].
  • See Tabaqatu ’l-Atibba
• -‘Uzza (goddess), [43], [135], [155]
• V
• Valencia, [421]
• Valerian, [33]
• Van Vloten, [221], [222], [250]
• Vedanta, the, [384]
• Venus, [18]
• Vico, [439]
• Victor Hugo, [312]
• Villon, [243]
• Vizier, the office of, [256], [257].
  • See wazir
• Viziers of the Buwayhid dynasty, the, [267]
• Vogué, C. J. M. de, [a]xxii]
• Vollers, [450]
• Vowel-marks in Arabic script, [201]
• W
• Wadd, name of a god, [123]
• Wadi ’l-Mustad‘afin, [394]
• Wafayatu ’l-A‘yan, [451], [452].
  • See Ibn Khallikan
• -Wafi bi ’l-Wafayat, [456]
• -wafir (metre), [75]
• Wahb b. Munabbih, [247], [459]
• wahdatu ’l-wujud, monism, [402]
• Wahhabis, the, [463], [465]-468
• Wahhabite Reformation, the, [465]-468
• -Wahidi (commentator), [305], [307]
• -wa‘id, [297]
• Wa’il, [a]xix], [56], [57]
• wajd, mystical term, [387], [394]
• Wajra, [398]
• -Walid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), [200], [203], [405]
• -Walid b. Yazid (Umayyad Caliph), [132], [206], [291], [375]
• Wallada, [424], [425]
• -Waqidi (historian), [144], [261], [349]
• Waraqa b. Nawfal, [149], [150]
• wasi (executor), [215]
• Wasil b. ‘Ata, [223], [224], [374]
• Wasit, [385], [386]
• Water-diviners, honoured by the pagan Arabs, [73]
• -Wathiq, the Caliph, [257], [369]
• wazir, an Arabic word, [256].
  • See Vizier
• Wellhausen, J., [56], [128], [135], [139], [140], [149], [173], [198], [205], [207], [209], [210], [215], [218], [219], [222], [250], [365]
• Well-songs, [73]
• Wellsted, J. R., [8]
• West Gothic dynasty in Spain, the, [204]
• Weyers, [425]
• Wine-songs, [124], [125], [138], [206], [325], [417]
• Witches, Ballad of the Three, [19]
• Women famed as poets, [89], [126], [127];
  • as Sufis, [233]
• Women, position of, in Pre-islamic times, [87]-92
• Woollen garments, a sign of asceticism, [228], [296]
• Wright, W., [202], [226], [343]
• Writing, Arabic, the oldest specimens of, [a]xxi]
• Writing, the art of, in Pre-islamic times, [a]xxii], [31], [102], [131], [138]
• Wuuml;stenfeld, F., [a]xviii], [17], [129], [132], [190], [213], [245], [253], [275], [295], [357], [378], [408], [416], [452], [459]
• X
• Xerxes, [256]
• Ximenez, Archbishop, [435]
• Y
• -Yahud (the Jews), [171]
• Yahya b. Abi Mansur, [359]
• Yahya b. Khalid, [259], [260], [451]
• Yahya b. Yahya, the Berber, [408], [409]
• Yaksum, [28]
• -Yamama, [25], [111], [124]
• -Yamama, battle of, [a]xxii], [142]
• Ya‘qub b. -Layth, [265]
• Ya‘qub al-Mansur (Almohade), [432]
• -Ya‘qubi (Ibn Wadih), historian, [193], [194], [349]
• Yaqut, [17], [357]
• Ya‘rub, [14]
• Yatha‘amar (Sabæan king), [4]
• Yatha‘amar Bayyin, [10], [17]
• Yathrib, [62].
  • See Medina
• Yathrippa, [62]
• -Yatima. See Yatimatu ’l-Dahr
• Yatimatu ’l-Dahr, [267], [271], [304], [308], [348]
• -Yawaqit, by -Sha‘rani, [403], [460]
• Yazdigird I (Sasanian), [40], [41]
• Yazid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), [200]
• Yazid b. Abi Sufyan, [426]
• Yazid b. Mu‘awiya (Umayyad Caliph), [195]-199, [208], [241]
• Yazid b. Rabi‘a b. Mufarrigh, [19]
• -Yemen (-Yaman), [a]xvii], [2], [5], [7], [11], [12], [15], [17], [22], [23], [24], [26], [27], [28], [29], [42], [49], [65], [68], [87], [99], [103], [137], [215], [247], [252], [274], [405]
• Yoqtan, [a]xviii]
• Yoqtanids, the, [a]xviii], [4].
  • See Arabs, the Yemenite
• Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Barr, [428]
• Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min (Almohade), [432]
• Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, [406]
• Yusuf b. Tashifin (Almoravide), [423], [430], [431]
• Z
• Zab, battle of the, [181], [253]
• Zabad, the trilingual inscription of, [a]xxii]
• -Zabba, [35], [36], [37].
  • See Zenobia
• Zabdai, [34]
• zaddiq, [375]
• Zafar (town in -Yemen), [7], [8], [17], [19], [21]
• Zafar (tribe), [94]
• zahid (ascetic), [230]
• Zahirites, the, [402], [427], [433]
• -Zahra, suburb of Cordova, [425]
• zajal, verse-form, [416], [417], [449]
• Zallaqa, battle of, [423], [431]
• -Zamakhshari, [145], [280], [336]
• zandik, [375]
• -Zanj, [273]
• Zanzibar, [352]
• Zapiski, [375]
• Zarifa, [15]
• Zarqa’u ’l-Yamama, [25]
• Zayd, son of ‘Adi b. Zayd, [48]
• Zayd b. ‘Ali b. -Husayn, [297]
• Zayd b. ‘Amr b. Nufayl, [149]
• Zayd b. Hammad, [45]
• Zayd b. Haritha, [153]
• Zayd b. Kilab b. Murra, [64].
  • See Qusayy
• Zayd b. Rifa‘a, [370]
• Zayd b. Thabit, [142]
• Zaydites, the, [297]
• Zaynab (Zenobia), [35], [36]
• Zaynab, an Arab woman, [237]
• Zaynu ’l-‘Abidin, [243]
• Zenobia, [33], [34], [35]
• Zinatu ’l-Dahr, [348]
• Zindiqs, the, [291], [296], [319], [368], [372]-375, [387], [460]
• Ziryab (musician), [418]
• Ziyad, husband of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, [88]
• Ziyad ibn Abihi, [195], [256], [342]
• Ziyad b. Mu‘awiya. See -Nabigha al-Dhubvani
• Ziyanid dynasty, the, [442]
• Zone, the, worn by Zoroastrians, [461]
• Zoroaster, [184], [258]
• Zoroastrians, the, [184], [341], [354], [373], [461]
• Zotenberg, H., [352]
• Zubayda, wife of Harun al-Rashid, [262]
• -Zubayr, [190]
• -Zuhara, [18]
• Zuhayr b. Abi Sulma (poet), [62], [116]-119, [128], [131], [137], [140], [312]
• zuhd (asceticism), [229], [230]. [299]
• zuhdiyyat, [294]
• Zuhra b. Kilab b. Murra, [64]
• -Zuhri (Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab), [153], [247], [258]
• zunnar, [461]