(5.) Fifthly, It is also a presumption to expect any mercy, though common and usual, without the ordinary means by which God in providence hath settled the usual dispensations of such favours; as when men look for his aid and help for supply of corporal wants, while they throw off all care, and refuse their own endeavours, which are the ways of God’s appointment, in the conscientious use whereof such mercies are to be expected. The heathen, upon the consideration of the necessary connexion of means and the end, have usually judged such sluggish expectations to be no better than solemn mockings of a deity: admotâ manu invocanda est Minerva. In spiritual things it is no less presumptuous to expect conversion, and an interest in Christ and heaven, while they refuse the careful use of his ordinances; and therefore we are commanded to pray for such blessings, ‘to cry after knowledge, and to lift up the voice for understanding,’ Prov. ii. 3-5, and to second these prayers with our own utmost endeavours ‘to seek for it as for silver, and to search for it as for hid treasures,’ and in so doing to expect the finding of the knowledge of God.
(6.) Sixthly, When ordinary or extraordinary mercies are expected for an unlawful end; as when the Israelites at Massah called for water,—which they ought to believe God would supply them withal, their condition considered,—but for a test and proof of the being of God; for they said, ‘Is God among us, or not?’ Exod. xvii. 7. It is by James made a piece of spiritual unfaithfulness and adultery to ask anything of God with a design ‘to spend it upon a lust,’ [chap. iv. 3.] Ahaz his refusing a sign when God offered it, however he made a show of modesty and believing, argued no other thing but that he was conscious to himself that, in case he had accepted it, he should have abused that favour to an unlawful end, and have tempted God by it, as putting it upon this experiment whether there was a God or not. This is also another act of presumption. When a man becomes guilty of any of these miscarriages, he is presumptuous.
2. Secondly, I further add to this discovery of the nature and kinds of presumption, that this is one of Satan’s grand engines; which I prove by two demonstrations:—
(1.) First, By Satan’s common practice in this kind upon all sorts of men, in most occasions. That which is his frequent practice upon most men, and on most occasions, must of necessity be understood to be chiefly designed. Some men may possibly be free from the trouble of some particular temptations, as Hieronimus Wallerus saith of Luther his master, that he heard him often report of himself that he had been assaulted and vexed with all kind of temptations, saving only that of covetousness; but none can say they have not been assaulted with this. I shall make it out by an induction of particulars:—
[1.] First, The generality of men that live in the profession of religion are presumptuous, nay, the greatest part of the blind world are so. They presume of mercy and salvation. The devil preacheth nothing else but all hope, no fear, and in these golden dreams they slide down to hell. If we look into their way of sinning, and then into their hopes, we can judge no less of them. They stick not at the most grievous abominations, the works of the flesh, and in these they continue. It is their trade, their life; they make provisions for them, they cannot sleep except they do wickedly; he that reproveth is derided by them; they make but a mock and sport of those things which, as the shame and reproach of mankind, should rather fly the light and hide themselves as things of darkness. These things they practise without regret or sorrow of heart, without smiting upon the thigh, and in all this they have the confidence to say, ‘Is not the Lord among us?’ They can call themselves Christians, and have as bold expectations of eternal happiness, as if the committing of these evils were made by God the necessary qualifications to everlasting happiness. What is more common, and yet what more presumptuous? For (1.) These men audaciously hope and expect mercy, expressly contrary to the peremptory threatenings of God. God saith, ‘There is no peace to the wicked;’ they say, ‘We shall have peace.’ (2.) These run upon the greatest hazards of ruin and woe, with the least fear, in the contempt of all danger, ‘as the horse rusheth into the battle, who mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted, neither turneth his back from the sword,’ Job xxxix. 22. (3.) They dare God to do his worst, they provoke God to jealousy, and that to his face; hence was it that Nimrod was said to be a mighty hunter before the Lord, [Gen. x. 9;] and Er, the son of Judah, that he was wicked ‘before the Lord,’ [Gen. xxxviii. 7,] because such audacious sinners will not, as we may say, go behind his back to sin.
[2.] Secondly, Hypocrites whose carnage is more smooth, they also are presumptuous; for while they hide their sin, they do against dictates of conscience presume ‘that he that made the eye doth not see,’ and that there is a possibility to cheat God as well as men: besides, their boastings and hopes have a special mark set upon them in Scripture as audaciously false; ‘the hope of the hypocrite shall be cut off,’ [Job viii. 13;] their confidence of the temple of the Lord is but a lie, and so termed expressly by the prophet.
[3.] Thirdly, Even despairing persons are not always free of presumption. The act of self-murder is a terrible presuming upon infinite justice. Spira’s desire to know the worst was of the same kind. These are indeed extraordinary; but there are some other kinds of despair that come nearer to presumption, as that sensual despair which ariseth out of an excessive love of carnal delights, and a secure contempt of spiritual things; for when sensuality prompts them to eat and drink while they may, despairing and hopeless of a future happiness, ‘for to-morrow they shall die,’ [Isa. xxii. 13,] and their pleasure cease, they highly presume against the patience and goodness of God.
[4.] Fourthly, The best of men are too frequently overcome by it. (1.) Not only while they are overtaken with sins more grievous, and above the rate of sins of infirmity, to which how liable the holiest saint may be upon temptation, may be gathered from David’s prayer, ‘Keep thy servant from presumptuous sins, that they have not dominion over me,’ [Ps. xix. 13.] (2.) But by their earnest prosecutions of their own wills when contradicted by providence. It is by the prophet, Isaiah ix. 9, called ‘a pride and stoutness of heart,’ to contend with providence, to attempt to build with ‘hewn stone when the bricks are fallen,’ or to ‘strive for cedars when divine wrath hath cut down the sycamores.’ (3.) How frequently are they guilty of presuming upon their privileges, their strength, their graces, and upon that score venture themselves upon occasions of sin, or bear high above others upon a conceit of their higher attainments, or when they boldly put themselves upon suffering, or upon doing, while they want that due humility and care that should balance them. (4.) There is also a presumptuous rashness, upon which the zeal and good intentions of holy men may sometimes precipitate them. Such was Uzziah’s putting forth his hand to hold the ark, for which the Lord smote him. All these instances put together will sufficiently demonstrate that presumption is one of Satan’s master designs.
The second demonstration of this truth is from the general subserviency of other things to this. Most of Satan’s endeavours and temptations aim at this point, and this is the result and consequence of most sins. That must needs be chief, to which so many things do but serve and minister. In this centre do most of the lines of his policy meet,—pride, vainglory, conceited privileges, supposed advantages, and many things more were but under-agents to this temptation which the devil attempted upon Christ, as hath in part, and presently shall be further, evidenced.
3. Thirdly, Having thus proved that presumption is one of the great things he aims at, I shall next discover the reasons of his earnestness and industry in his design, which are these:—