CHAPTER I.
EARLY LIFE.
“One who has enriched the inheritance left by Newton and has consolidated the work of Faraday—one who impelled the mind of Cambridge to a fresh course of real investigation—has clearly earned his place in human memory.” It was thus that Professor Lewis Campbell and Mr. Garnett began in 1882 their life of James Clerk Maxwell. The years which have passed, since that date, have all tended to strengthen the belief in the greatness of Maxwell’s work and in the fertility of his genius, which has inspired the labours of those who, not in Cambridge only, but throughout the world, have aided in developing the seeds sown by him. My object in the following pages will be to give some very brief account of his life and writings, in a form which may, I hope, enable many to realise what Physical Science owes to one who was to me a most kind friend as well as a revered master.
The Clerks of Penicuik, from whom Clerk Maxwell was descended, were a distinguished family. Sir John Clerk, the great-great-grandfather of Clerk Maxwell, was a Baron of the Exchequer in Scotland from 1707 to 1755; he was also one of the Commissioners of the Union, and was in many ways an accomplished scholar. His second son George married a first cousin, Dorothea Maxwell, the heiress of Middlebie in Dumfriesshire, and took the name of Maxwell. By the death of his elder brother James in 1782 George Clerk Maxwell succeeded to the baronetcy and the property of Penicuik. Before this time he had become involved in mining and manufacturing speculations, and most of the Middlebie property had been sold to pay his debts.
The property of Sir George Clerk Maxwell descended in 1798 to his two grandsons, Sir George Clerk and Mr. John Clerk Maxwell. It had been arranged that the younger of the two was to take the remains of the Middlebie property and to assume with it the name of Maxwell. Sir George Clerk was member for Midlothian, and held office under Sir Robert Peel. John Clerk Maxwell was the father of James Clerk Maxwell, the subject of this sketch.[1]
John Clerk Maxwell lived with his widowed mother in Edinburgh until her death in 1824. He was a lawyer, and from time to time did some little business in the courts. At the same time he maintained an interest in scientific pursuits, especially those of a practical nature. Professor Campbell tells us of an endeavour to devise a bellows which would give a continuous draught of air. In 1831 he contributed to the Edinburgh Medical and Philosophical Journal a paper entitled “Outlines of a Plan for combining Machinery with the Manual Printing Press.”
In 1826 John Clerk Maxwell married Miss Frances Cay, of North Charlton, Northumberland. For the first few years of their married life their home was in Edinburgh. The old estate of Middlebie had been greatly reduced in extent, and there was not a house on it in which the laird could live. However, soon after his marriage, John Clerk Maxwell purchased the adjoining property of Glenlair and built a mansion-house for himself and his wife. Mr. Maxwell superintended the building work. The actual working plans for some further additions made in 1843 were his handiwork. A garden was laid out and planted, and a dreary stony waste was converted into a pleasant home. For some years after he settled at Glenlair the house in Edinburgh was retained by Mr. Maxwell, and here, on June 13, 1831, was born his only son, James Clerk Maxwell. A daughter, born earlier, died in infancy. Glenlair, however, was his parents’ home, and nearly all the reminiscences we have of his childhood are connected with it. The laird devoted himself to his estates and to the education of his son, taking, however, from time to time his full share in such county business as fell to him. Glenlair in 1830 was very much in the wilds; the journey from Edinburgh occupied two days. “Carriages in the modern sense were hardly known to the Vale of Urr. A sort of double gig with a hood was the best apology for a travelling coach, and the most active mode of locomotion was in a kind of rough dog-cart known in the family speech as a hurly.”[2]
Mrs. Maxwell writes thus[3], when the boy was nearly three years old, to her sister, Miss Jane Cay:—
“He is a very happy man, and has improved much since the weather got moderate. He has great work with doors, locks, keys, etc., and ‘Show me how it doos’ is never out of his mouth. He also investigates the hidden course of streams and bell-wires—the way the water gets from the pond through the wall and a pend or small bridge and down a drain into Water Orr, then past the smiddy and down to the sea, where Maggy’s ships sail. As to the bells, they will not rust; he stands sentry in the kitchen and Mag runs through the house ringing them all by turns, or he rings and sends Bessy to see and shout to let him know; and he drags papa all over to show him the holes where the wires go through.”
To discover “how it doos” was thus early his aim. His cousin, Mrs. Blackburn, tells us that throughout his childhood his constant question was, “What’s the go of that? What does it do?” And if the answer were too vague or inconclusive, he would add, “But what’s the particular go of that?”
Professor Campbell’s most interesting account of these early years is illustrated by a number of sketches of episodes in his life. In one Maxwell is absorbed in watching the fiddler at a country dance; in another he is teaching his dog some tricks; in a third he is helping a smaller boy in his efforts to build a castle. Together with his cousin, Miss Wedderburn, he devised a number of figures for a toy known as a magic disc, which afterwards developed into the zoetrope or wheel of life, and in which, by means of an ingenious contrivance of mirrors, the impression of a continuous movement was produced.