This testimony of the unpretending traveller is just as clear as it is certain and unsuspicious. In the beginning of the sixth century there was thus the belief after this eye-witness that the law was given on Serbâl. Cosmas is in so little doubt about it, that he does not mention the southern mountain at all. We must also conclude that the monks had extended themselves over the whole mountain, and particularly over the guarded region about the Gebel Mûsa. That among the monks of the place another opinion arose, according to which Moses turned southward, instead of northward, from the height of Wadi Hebrân (for, to take Elim for Raithu remained the decided opinion, as preserved by the convent there) is not at all to be wondered; such confusions are very frequent in Christian topography. But how narrowly Horeb and Sinai, Raphidîm and the Mount of the Law, are connected together, is again shown in the fact, that with Sinai the rock of water went southward. The monks did not allow themselves to be hindered, by the verses in the beginning of the nineteenth chapter, from transporting that rock of Raphidîm, and consequently Raphidîm itself, as also the thorn-bush of Horeb, to Gebel Mûsa, their new Sinai; there it is yet shown, for the astonishment of travellers in Wadi Lega (Robinson, vol. i. p. 184). Thus in this point the unlearned monkish notion that Raphidîm was near Sinai came closer to the truth than the new criticism.

The Legate of Justinian now found it necessary to erect his castle in that safe position, and to build a church there, for the hermits living in the neighbourhood. That this alone was sufficient to draw many new hermits thither, and to found a new belief as to the position of the Mountain of the Law, if this were not already there, is quite comprehensible. But as to how the two opinions in the next following centuries came together, we have no certain testimony whatever. Under any circumstances, one would have to take care, if, after the founding of Pharan, the mountain Sinai is often mentioned, to understand by it the Gebel Mûsa. As a rule, the whole range of mountains in the peninsula is intended by it. When, for example, already in the year 536, therefore probably before the building of the church, at the Concilium sub Mema, at Constantinople, a Theonas presbyter et legatus S. montis Sinai et deserti Raitha et S. ecclesiæ Pharan (Θεωνῦς ἐλεῷ Θεοϋ πρεσβύτερος καὶ ἀποκρισίάριος τοϋ ἁγίου ὄρους Σινᾶ καὶ τῆς ἐρήμου Ῥαιθοϋ καὶ τῆς κατὰ Φαράν ἁγίας ἐκκλησίας. Harduin, vol. ii. p. 1281) is signed, the Church of Pharan would probably be first named as undoubtedly the most important centre and bishop’s seat, if the monks all around the vicinity were not looked upon as the more important, and therefore put first. Le Quien (vol. iii. p. 735) mentions the Episcopi Pharan sive montis Sinai in one series, and as the earliest with the latter title the above-mentioned Bishop Jorius (†1033). Since then, and even since Eutychius (c. 940), the denomination of the single mountain of Gebel Mûsa as Sinai is certainly undoubted.

I N D E X

OF

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [W], [Z]

A.
Abahuda, [270].
Abatou, [123].
Abdebab, [146].
Abd el Qurna, [274], [309].
Abdîn, [187].
Abke, [269].
Abu Dôm, [247], [256].
Abu el Abás, [185].
Abu Hammed, [132], [137], [146], [148].
Abu Haras, [132], [178].
Abu Hashîn, [151].
Abu Nugara, [146].
Abu Roash, [35], [64].
Abu Shar, [330].
Abu Simbel, [270].
Abu Tleh, [238].
Abu Zelîmeh, [333], [348].
Abydos, [94], [114].
Acca, [349].
Adererât, [146].
Agamîeh, [88].
Ἀin el Haramîeh, [392].
Aithi, [395].
Akoris, [100].
Alabastron, [113].
Alexandria, [7], [11], [389].
Amâra, [266].
Amarna, [94], [111], [113], [374].
Ambukôl, [259].
Anîve, [274].
Antinoe, [110].
Arbagi, [177].
Argo Island, [262].
Argôusene, [264].
Asasîf, [297].
Assuan, [99], [118].
Assur, [157].
Astaboras, [152].
Atbara, [152].
Atfeh, [13].
Athirib (Athribis), [389].
Axum, [91].
[B.]
Bachît, [258].
Bahîuda, Desert of, [237].
Bahr bela mâ, [85], [140].
Bahr Jussuf, [82], [87].
Bahr Sherkieh, [85].
Bahr Wardani, [85].
Bâlbek, [407].
Barkal, [245].
Begerauîeh, [156], [160].
Behbet el hager (Iseum), [389].
Belled e’ Nûba, [255].
Bellel, [255].
Benihassan, [94], [107], [110].
Benisuef, [93], [374].
Ben Naga, [160], [162], [165], [213], [217].
Bersheh, [94], [110], [113].
Berut, [394].
Beth el Walli, [124].
Bethin, [392].
Biahmu, [87].
Bigeh, [119].
Bireh, [392].
Birqet el Qorn, [82], [83], [86], [88].
Bisheh, [88].
Blue River, [172].
Britân, [407].
Bsherreh, [414].
Bulaq, [14].
Byblus, [418].
[C.]
Cairo, [14], [51], [89], [91].
Carmel, [394].
Chartûm, [133], [134], [168], [206], [207], [211].
Chemmis, [113].
Chôreb, or Hôreb, [336], [351].
Chôr el Ammer, [240].
Chôsh e’ Gurûf, [255].
Crôcodilopolis, [88].
[D.]
Dáhela, [188].
Dahshûr, [64], [90].
Dakkeh, [124].
Dal Hani, island, [156].
Damascus, [400].
Dâmer, [137], [152], [156].
Damietta, [389].
Danqêleh, [231].
Darmali, [255].
Debbet e’ Ramleh, [346].
Debôd, [124].
Dendera, [94], [107], [114], [374].
Dendûr, [124].
Dêr el ahmar, [409].
Dêr el bachît, [304].
Dêr el bahri, [304].
Dêr el medinet, [304].
Derr, [264].
Dimeh, [89].
Dongola (Old), [251].
Dongola (New), [261].
[E.]
Echmim, [113].
Edfu, [116].
Eileithyia, [115].
El Ἀin, [397].
El Bosra, [112], [113].
El Chôr, [151].
El Elâm, [85], [87].
Elephantine, [119].
El Gôs, [239].
El Guês, [231], [234].
El Hessue, [368].
Elim, [351].
El Kab, [115].
Esneh, [115].
E’ Sûr, [131].
[F.]
Fadnie, [163].
Faiûm, [69], [88], [90].
Fidimin, [88].
[G.]
Gabushîe, [217].
Gauâta, [99], [113].
Gebel, [231].
Gebel Adar Auîb, [146].
Gebel Ashtân, [167].
Gebel Abrak, [142].
Gebel Abu Sheqere, [335].
Gebel Barqugrês, [239].
Gebel Buêrib, [162].
Gebel Dochân, [321], [328].
Gebel el Bâb, [140].
Gebel Enned, [331].
Gebel e’ Tih, [346].
Gebel Farût, [146].
Gebel Fatireh, [320].
Gebel Graîbât, [146].
Gebel Hammâm, [333], [355].
Gebel Katherin, [335].
Gebel Lagâr, [165].
Gebel Maqàl, [255].
Gebel Mograb, [146].
Gebel Mûsa, [334].
Gebel e’ Naga, [163], [165].
Gebel Rauiân, [167].
Gebel Roft, [143], [146].
Gebel Sefsâf, [336].
Gebel Selîn, [113].
Gebel Abu Sengât, [146].
Gebel Sergên, [238].
Gebel Abu Sibha, [146].
Gebel Silsilis, [116].
Gebel Um Shômar, [335], [342].
Gebel Zeit, [313], [319], [331].
Ge’ah, [333].
Gedideh, [287].
Geg, [151].
Genna, [157].
Gennin, [393].
Gerashâb, [167].
Gerf e’ Shech, [255].
Gerf Hussên, [125].
Gertassi, [124].
Gezîret el Qorn, [88].
Ghadine, [231].
Gharag, Lake, [89].
Gibraltar, [6].
Gilif, Desert, [237].
Gizeh, [18].
Gôba, [404].
Gomra, Island, [157].
Gôs Basabir, [167].
Gôs Burri, [234], [238].
Goshen, [21].
[H.]
Haipha, [394].
Haluf, [255].
Hannik, [264].
Hamamât, [318].
Hamdab, [252].
Heliopolis, [17].
Hellet el Bib, [253].
Hellet e’ Soliman, [204].
Hermonthis, [115].
Hieras Kaminos, [125].
Hobi, Island, [162].
Hôreb (Choreb), [336], [351].
Howara, [76].
[I.]
Ibrim, [270].
[J.]
Jericho, [392].
Jerusalem, [391].
Illahûn, [69].
Ishishi, Island, [251].
[K.]
Kalabsheh, [272].
Kamlin, [173], [176].
Karnak, [280].
Kasinqar, [251], [255].
Keli, [233], [234].
Kerak, [396].
Kermân, [393].
Koi, [264].
Kôm el Birât, [308].
Konosso, [119].
Korte, [125].
Korusko, [100], [127], [129].
Kossêr, [319].
Kûeh, [252].
Kummeh, [268].
Kurru, [256].
[L.]
Labyrinth, [67], [78].
Libanon, [410].
Lisht, [44], [69].
Luqsor, [95], [96], [287].
Lycopolis, [95].
[M.]
Mágeqa, [241].
Mandera, [132], [172].
Malta, [7].
Mara, [354].
Marûga, [231], [232], [235].
Massani, [255].
Matarieh, [21].
Mechêref, [147], [154].
Medînet el Fairûn, [83], [88].
Medînet Habu, [96], [291], [294].
Medînet Mâdi, [89].
Medînet Nimrud, [89].
Megdel, [395].
Mehendi, [126].
Meidum, [44], [69].
Mekseh, [395].
Memphis, [19], [54], [67].
Melâh, [212].
Méraui, [232], [249].
Meroe, [152], [157], [161], [226], [232], [252].
Mesaurât, [165].
Mesaurât el Kirbegân, [165], [167].
Mesaurât e’ Raga, [165].
Mesaurât e’ Sofra, [165].
Messaid Fountain, [330].
Metamme, [163].
Mitrahinneh, [55].
Mogrân, [152].
Moeris, Lake, [69], [82].
Mosh, [264].
Mundora, [146].
Myos hormos, [330].
[N.]
Nablûs, [392].
Naga, [160], [162], [165], [233].
Naharîeh, [13].
Nahr el Kelb, [418].
Nakb el egaui, [334].
Nakb el haui, [338].
Napata, [246], [249].
Nazareth, [391].
Nebbi Shît, [406].
Nekleh, [13].
Nesleh, [89].
Noah’s Grave, [396].
Nuri, [243], [245].
[O.]
Okmeh, [267].
Ombos, [116].
[P.]
Panopolis, [113].
Pharân, [342].
Philæ, [95], [118], [122].
Philotera, [330].
Pompey’s Pillar, [11].
Primis, [126].
Pselchis, [100], [125].
Pyramids of
Abu Roash, [25].
Abusir, [51].
Dahshûr, [64].
Gizeh, [18], [32].
Howara (labyrinth), [67], [78].
Illahûn, [69].
Lisht, [44], [69].
Merdûm, [44], [69].
Memphis, [14], [67].
Méroe, [157], [226].
Saqâra, [44].
Zauiet el Arrian, [35].
[Q.]
Qala, [178], [231].
Qasr e’ Salat, [114].
Qasr Qerûn, [89].
Qeneh, [313], [316], [372].
Qirre Mountains, [167].
Qirsh, [272].
Qurna, [96], [104], [270], [294].
[R.]
Râha, plain, [339].
Raphidîm, [355].
Rigah, [64].
Roda, [36].
Româli, [189].
Rosetta, [120].
[S.]
Saba Doleb, [183].
Sabagûra, [272].
Sâ el Hagar (Sais), [13].
Saffi, island, [254].
Sagâdi, [157].
Saï, island, [266].
Saida, [394].
Salamât, Sanamât, [292].
Salame, [255].
Salhîeh, [405].
Samanub (Sebennytus), [389].
San, [389].
Saqâra, [44], [51], [62], [67], [74], [77].
Sarbut el Châdem, [345], [353].
Shataui, [270].
Shendi, [162], [163], [213].
Sebastiêh, [392].
Sebûa, [125].
Sedeïnga, [266].
Selajîn, [88].
Selama, [163].
Selûn, [392].
Semneh, [268], [294].
Sennâr, [186], [189].
Serbâl, [334].
Sero, [155], [189].
Sêse, [265].
Sêsebi, [265].
Sin, desert, [335].
Sinai, [336].
Sinai, convent, [334].
Siut, [94], [112], [113].
Soba, [172], [205].
Soleb, [265].
Sorîba, [190], [192].
Suk el Barada, [405].
Sur (Tyre), [394].
Surarîeh, [93].
Surîe Abu Ramle, [211].
[T.]
Tabor, [393].
Taîba, [203].
Talmis, [124].
Tamaniât, [211].
Tamîeh, [86], [90].
Tanis, [389].
Tanqassi, [156], [256].
Tarablûs, [417].
Teirîeh, [14].
Tel Emdîeh, [397].
Thana, island, near Gorata, in Ethiopia, [91].
Thebes, [93], [114], [274], [277], [279].
Tiberias, [393].
Tifâr, [259].
Tombos, [264].
Tôr, [313], [319], [333].
Tripolis, [417].
[U.]
Urn Shebah, [243].
Urn Shômar, v. Gebel Um Shômar, [342].
[W.]
Wadi Auateb, [163], [164], [165].
Wadi Abu Dôm, [242].
Wadi Abu Harod, [240].
Wadi Aleyât, [340].
Wadi Bahr Hátab, [141].
Wadi Delah, [141].
Wadi el Arab, [271].
Wadi el Kirbegân, [113], [162], [165], [167].
Wadi el Mehet, [240].
Wadi el Uêr, [240].
Wadi e’ Sheikh, [338].
Wadi e’ Sileha, [165].
Wadi e’ Sofra, [160], [165].
Wadi e’ Sufr, [141], [157].
Wadi Firân, [340].
Wadi Gazal, [243].
Wadi Gaqedûl, [240].
Wadi Gharandel, [354].
Wadi Gûah el âlem, [230].
Wadi Halfa, [100], [108], [134].
Wadi Hebrân, [333].
Wadi Ibrîm, [271].
Wadi Kalas, [242].
Wadi Kenus, [271].
Wadi Maghâra, [335], [353].
Wadi Mokatteb, [344].
Wadi Murhad, [144].
Wadi Nasb, [348], [353].
Wadi Nûba, [271].
Wadi Qeneh, [345].
Wadi Rim, [339].
Wadi Shebêkeh, [353].
Wadi Sebûa, [127].
Wadi Selâf, [339].
Wadi Sich, [346].
Wadi Síqelji, [341].
Wadi Sittere, [346].
Wadi Taibe, [353].
Wadi Teresîb, [162].
Wed Mêdineh, [190], [194], [207].
Wed Negûdi, [183].
White River, [171].
[Z.]
Zachleh, [395].
Zahêra, [417].
Zani, [91].
Zauiet el Arrian, [35], [64].
Zauiet el Meitîn, [107].
Zebedêni, [398].
Zerîn, [393].
Zûma, [257].

PRINTED BY COX (BROTHERS) AND WYMAN, GREAT QUEEN-STREET.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] On the sudden death, soon after our departure from Palestine, of Bishop Alexander, Gobat was selected by H.M. the King of Prussia as the Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, which post he has filled with good success since 1846.