French and German Socialism in Modern Times

by Richard T. Ely

[211] He attributes the abolition of slavery to the Church.

[212] The Catholic Church in Germany has been instrumental in establishing a large number of Gesellenvereine, or bachelors’ unions. They resemble in many respects our Young Men’s Christian Associations.

[213] De Laveleye.

[214] Quoted by Kaufmann in his article on Lamennais and Kingsley, in the Contemporary Review, April, 1882.

---

INDEX.

• Adams, C. K., criticism on Louis Blanc’s “Histoire de la Révolution Française,” [111].
• Albert, colleague of Louis Blanc, [111].
• Anarchists, Proudhon avows himself one of them, [135];
• their prominent representatives in France, [146];
• equality their doctrine, [147];
• declaration of principles, [148];
• separation from the International Workingmen’s Association, [185].
• Antonelle, member of the Committee of Insurrection, [32].
• Aristotle, defence of slavery, [176].
• Association, to be established by leadership (Saint-Simon), [64];
• the central idea of Fourierism, [91-99].
• Babœuf, opposed to the laissez-faire system, [12];
• sketch of his career, [31];
• connection with the Reign of Terror, [32];
• execution, [33];
• equality the leading idea of his system, [34];
• equality be obtained by degrees, [36];
• his scheme, [37];
• a cheerless scheme, [38].
• Bakounine, pessimist, leader of the Anarchists, [147];
• leads the opposition to the old Internationalists at the Hague, [185].
• Barnett, S. A., socialistic laws on the statute-book of England, [note, 236].
• Barrault, a Saint-Simonian, [72];
• lectures in Alexandria, [78].
• Baudet-Dulary, offers an estate for a trial of Fourierism, [101].
• Bazard, separates from Enfantin, [65], [75];
• a leader of the Saint-Simonians, [71].
• Bebel, a supporter of Bismarck’s Insurance Bill, [220];
• a disciple of Liebknecht, [230];
• historical importance, [231].
• Becker, president of the Laborers’ Union, [225], [226].
• Bismarck, admiration for Lassalle, [196];
• plans for universal suffrage, [212];
• checks to social democrats, [216];
• his determination, [217];
• his Accident Insurance Bill, [218];
• his plan to conquer social democracy, [219];
• concessions, [219], [228];
• his schemes in behalf of labor viewed with distrust, [220];
• a member of an economic school, [235];
• appreciation of Wagner, [243].
• Black Hand of Spain, members of the International, [186].
• Blanc, Charles, affection of Louis Blanc for, [115].
• Blanc, Louis, an authority on the times of Louis Philippe, [34, note];
• first state socialist, [109];
• life, [109 et seqq.];
• “Organisation du Travail,” [110];
• “Histoire de Dix Ans,” [110];
• perceived the widening separation between the bourgeoisie and the fourth estate, [110];
• “Histoire de la Révolution Française,” [111];
• droit au travail, [112];
• ateliers sociaux, [112], [119];
• experiments, [112];
• flight from France, [114];
• character, [115];
• social philosophy, [116];
• evils of present society according to, [117];
• suppression of misery by fraternity, [118];
• his formula for the distribution of functions, [121];
• of products, [122];
• not an égalitaire, [122];
• correspondence with Lassalle, [192 and note].
• Blanqui, Adolphe, a Saint-Simonian, [72].
• Blanqui, Auguste, founder of Blanquism, [145].
• Blind, Karl, description of the appearance of Louis Blanc, [116];
• no faith in Lassalle, [192, note].
• Booth, A. J., criticism on Enfantin, [73];
• statement regarding the Society for the Propagation, etc., of the Theory of Fourier, [102 and note].
• Bourgeoisie, the third estate, [4];
• rise of, [7];
• enmity of the poor against, [10];
• separation from the fourth estate, [110];
• growth of, inimical to feudalism, [177];
• Lassalle’s indictment of, [195].
• Brentano, a professorial socialist, [237].
• Bright, his schemes called narrow by Kingsley, [249].
• Brisbane, Albert, head of Fourierism in America, [107].
• Brissot de Warville declares private property theft, but afterwards defends it, [3].
• Brook Farm, a Fourieristic experiment in America, [107].
• Bucher, L., edits Lassalle’s “System of Acquired Rights,” [197].
• Buchez, a Saint-Simonian, [72].
• Buonarroti, connection with Babœuf, member of the committee of insurrection, [32];
• escapes to Switzerland, [33];
• his history of the conspiracy of Babœuf, [33 and note], [34];
• preaches Babouvism, [34].
• Cabet, Étienne, career of, [39-42];
• “Voyage en Icarie,” [40];
• the Icarians at Nauvoo, [41];
• division among the Icarians, [42];
• letter of Albert Shaw concerning present condition of Icarians, [42-48];
• the New Icarian Community, [44];
• the Icarian Community, [46];
• government and marriage among the Icarians, [48 and note], [51];
• education, [49];
• success, [49];
• fraternity the principle of the Icarians, [50].
• Carlyle, necessity of sympathy, [15];
• the laborers need a leader, [63];
• “History of the French Revolution,” [144].
• Chevalier, Michel, a Saint-Simonian, [72];
• imprisoned, [77];
• proposal about the armies of Europe, [79].
• Church, relation to people before the French Revolution, [6];
• the Catholic before the Reformation, [62];
• restraint of, [63];
• duty of, [66];
• Proudhon’s work on justice in, [132];
• views of Malon, [154], [155];
• an organizing power, [245];
• remedies offered to laborers by, [260].
• Civil service, in Prussia, [207];
• need of reform in the United States; possible future dangers arising from its prostitution, [223].
• Cobden, Kingsley’s dislike of the plans of, [249].
• Colins, an advocate of the nationalization of land, [150].
• Collectivists, French socialists, and social democrats, [149];
• are international, [150];
• evolutionists, [150];
• revolutionists, [151];
• Guesde’s electoral programme, [152].
• Commune, its nature explained, [20];
• aims of the communists, [21];
• the communal government, [22].
• Communism, object, [1];
• cosmopolitan, [3];
• proper method of treatment, [14];
• modern hatred of, [16];
• modern fallacies about, [19];
• not chargeable with the doings of the Commune, [20];
• connection with atheism and free-love, [22];
• opinions of Noyes and Rylance, [23 and note], [24];
• not necessarily anti-Christian, [25];
• included in socialism, [30];
• schemes of, [30];
• Babouvism, [34];
• Icarians, [40];
• to be preferred to the present state of society (Mill), [68];
• objected to by Proudhon, [133], [137];
• in France, [144];
• movement of the social democrats towards, [206].
• Comte, A., a pupil of Saint-Simon, [57 and note].
• Considerant, Victor, presentation of Fourierism, [101], [103].
• Co-operation, scheme of Lassalle, [189];
• to replace competition, [250];
• societies to promote, [251];
• efforts of Hughes, [251];
• letter of E. V. Neale, [252], [255];
• Church can aid, [261].
• Crises, one of the evils Rodbertus sought to abolish, [161];
• state interference needed, [166];
• Marx’s doctrine of, [181];
• social democrats to abolish, [208].
• Crosby, Dr. Howard, attitude of, towards laboring class, [28 and note].
• Curtis, George William, [107].
• Cuvier, a benefactor of Saint-Simon, [59].
• Dana, Charles A., prominent among the Fourierists of America, [107].
• Darthé, member of the committee of insurrection with Babœuf, [32].
• David, teacher of music at Ménilmontant, [77];
• afterwards at Alexandria, [78].
• Debon, member of committee of insurrection, [32].
• Democratic constitutions, pretence of lower classes in consequence of, a condition productive of socialism, [224].
• Depaepe, presentation of international collectivism, [150].
• Diard supports Saint-Simon, [59].
• Dickens treats of the laboring class, [11, note].
• Didier, agent of the committee of insurrection, [32].
• Distribution of products, complaints about, [1];
• Babœuf favored equal, [36];
• Saint-Simonians advocate, according to works, [64], [68], [71], [74], and reject equal, [70];
• Fourier’s doctrine of, [98], [99];
• at Guise, [106];
• Louis Blanc’s doctrine concerning, [122];
• Proudhon’s, [140];
• Rodbertus’s, [162];
• Marx’s, [180];
• social democrats, [205];
• Mill’s plea for justice in, [238].
• Division of labor, effects of, [8];
• implies capital, [201];
• extreme, a condition productive of socialistic movements, [222].
• Dumas, Alexander, derives the idea of “Les Frères Corses” from Charles and Louis Blanc, [115].
• Dumay, candidate of the collectivists to succeed Gambetta, [151].
• Economic programme of Guesde, [153].
• Enfantin, leader of Saint-Simonism, [71];
• character, [73];
• views regarding marriage, [75];
• retires to Ménilmontant, [76];
• expedition to Egypt, [77];
• Suez Canal due to him, [77];
• director of Lyons Railway, [79].
• Engels, “Condition of the Laboring Classes in England,” [158];
• one of the founders of Neue Rheinische Zeitung, [171].
• Equality, promised by agitators, [2];
• Christian idea of underlying communism, [25];
• idea of Babouvism, [34];
• among Icarians, [50];
• Saint-Simonians oppose, [64], [68], [70];
• opposed by Louis Blanc, [122];
• “community is inequality” (Proudhon), [133];
• how obtained by Proudhon, [138];
• of anarchists, [147], [149];
• égalité and solidarité the watchwords of German social democrats, [231].
• Eudes, leader of the Blanquists, [145].
• Feudalism, Thorold Rogers points out certain good features in, [5];
• swept away by French Revolution, [6];
• makes way for third estate, [177].
• Fourier, opposed to laissez-faire system, [12];
• compared with Saint-Simon, [81];
• life, [82 et seqq.];
• generous and truthful, [83];
• influences leading him to a study of political economy, [83], [84];
• his social scheme, [84], [91];
• “La Théorie des Quatre Mouvements,” [84], [86];
• Association at Versailles, [85];
• “Traité de l’Association,” etc., [87];
• use of figures, [87];
• duration of the world, [88];
• religious belief, [89];
• “Nouveau Monde Industriel,” etc., [91];
• classification of the passions, [92];
• evils of modern civilization, [93];
• phalanxes, [93];
• beneficial effects of rivalry, [94];
• scheme for paying the English debt with hens’ eggs, [95], [96];
• evils of competition, [97];
• Fourierism not so pure a socialism as Saint-Simonism, [98];
• division of products, [98];
• unitéisme, [99];
• ideas about women, [100];
• opposes violence, [100];
• criticism of Kaufmann, [100];
• adherents, [101];
• Fourieristic experiments, [102];
• experiment of Jean Godin, [103];
• Fourierism in America, [106];
• criticism on, [108];
• principle of authority, [124].
• Fournel, a Saint-Simonian, [72].
• Free-trade school, comparison of, with German socialism, [158];
• cosmopolitan tendency of, [187].
• Freiligrath, one of the founders of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, [171];
• farewell ode, [172].
• French Revolution, [chap. i.];
• writers immediately preceding, [3];
• the war of La Vendée, [5];
• sweeps away feudal institutions, [6];
• history of, by Louis Blanc, [111].
• Fuller, Margaret, a leading spirit in the Brook Farm experiment, [107].
• Gammond, Madame de, exposition of Fourierism, [101].
• Gneist, Dr., is elected to the Assembly, [213].
• Godin’s Familistère, [103];
• extract from laws, [105].
• Government, Babœuf’s idea of, [37];
• among the Icarians, [48];
• Saint-Simon’s idea of, [64];
• Fourier’s, [99];
• Louis Blanc’s opinion of, [117], [124];
• Proudhon’s contempt for, [130];
• anarchy is Proudhon’s ideal of, [134], [141];
• opinion of the anarchists about, [148];
• Lassalle’s idea, [193];
• demands of the social democrats, [205], [208];
• Wagner’s law of expenses of, [242].
• Greeley, Horace, prominent among the Fourierists of America, [107].
• Guesde, Jules, a revolutionary collectivist, [151];
• his electoral programme, [152].
• Guilds before the French Revolution, [4].
• Guise, M. Godin’s experiment at, [103].
• Harrison, F., view of existing French socialism, [143].
• Hasselmann expelled from Social Democratic Party, [216].
• Hatzfeldt, Countess Von, interest of Lassalle in the case of, [190], [197];
• controls the Universal German Laborers’ Union, [225].
• Held, Adolf, a professorial socialist, [237].
• History, theory of, by Marx, [175].
• Hughes, Thomas, a Christian socialist, [249];
• co-operation to solve the labor question, [251];
• letter of, about Christian socialism in England, [252].
• Hugues, Clovis, a collectivist deputy, [154].
• Humboldt, Von, admiration for Lassalle, [189].
• Icarians, vide [Cabet].
• Individualism, result of French Revolution, [7];
• advice to the government, [29];
• opinion of Louis Blanc about, [117];
• individualistic socialism, [125];
• attacked by Proudhon, [127].
• Inheritance, rejected by Saint-Simonians, [69], [70], [80];
• retained by Fourier, [98];
• allowed by Proudhon, [134];
• abolished by collectivists, [151];
• doctrine of social democrats regarding, [207].
• International Workingmen’s Association, members of the communal government, [21];
• law against, [114];
• separation of Bakounine from, [146];
• Guesde’s political programme demands the abolition of the law against, [151];
• based on social democratic principles, [188];
• statutes, [183];
• congresses, [184];
• at the Hague, [185];
• importance, [186];
• possibilities of, [187].
• Joffrin, a revolutionary collectivist, [152];
• refuses to attend Louis Blanc’s funeral, [154].
• Kaufmann, Schäffle’s socialism, [2];
• on Lamennais, [12];
• definition of socialism proper, [66];
• merits of Fourierism, [100], [101].
• Kayser, a defender of Bismarck’s Insurance Bill, [220].
• Ketteler, Baron von, life, [257], [258];
• character, [258];
• doctrines, [258];
• on marriage, [259];
• remedies the Church offers to laborers, [260].
• King, Edward, describes the affection of Louis Blanc for his brother Charles, [115].
• Kingsley, Charles, a Christian socialist, [249];
• opinion of economic liberalism, [249], [250];
• competition sinful, [250].
• Knies’s opinion of Marx, [174].
• Krapotkine, Prince, imprisoned on account of membership in the International Workingmen’s Association, [114], [186];
• a prominent anarchist, [146].
• Kretzer, Max, novelist of the fourth estate, [11, note].
• Laboring class, rise of, [7];
• their novelist, [11, note];
• decay of religion among, [24, note];
• no permanent, in America as yet, [25];
• prophecies of, [26];
• Most’s method for the emancipation of, [27];
• needs a leader, [63];
• scheme of Fourier for, [93];
• plans of Louis Blanc for, [112];
• sympathy of Proudhon with, [128];
• his plan for, [136];
• opinion of De Laveleye, [154];
• their share of products (Rodbertus), [164];
• increasing misery of, [177];
• statutes of the International Workingmen’s Association concerning, [183], [184];
• agitation of Lassalle for, [190], [194];
• duration of life among, [201];
• political influence of, in Germany to-day, [211];
• plans of Bismarck for, [219], [220];
• lesson taught them by the social democrats, [233];
• alliance with the church, [245];
• sympathy of Christian socialists for, [249];
• legislation in behalf of, favored by Christian socialists, [257];
• benefits offered by the Church, [260].
• Laissez-faire system, revolt against, [12];
• the advice of the individualist, [29];
• condemned by Louis Blanc, [117];
• effect of, [163];
• opinion of Rodbertus, [168].
• Lamennais, De, distress at results of the French Revolution, [12];
• sketch of his life, [245];
• does not satisfy the church authorities, [246];
• “Les Paroles d’un Croyant,” [246];
• modern employers worse than early slave-owners, [247].
• Lange, F. A., warnings of, to the progressists, [18];
• his opinion of Marx, [174].
• Lassalle, war-cries against capital, [2];
• party of progress opposed to, [17];
• his success attributed by Mehring to his enemies, [19];
• account of the ateliers sociaux, [113];
• life, [189 et seqq.];
• interest in Countess Von Hatzfeldt, [190];
• agitation in favor of the laboring class, [190];
• success of his writings, [191];
• the “Iron Law of Wages,” [191], [197];
• productive co-operative associations, [192];
• leader of the Universal German Laborers’ Union, [194];
• Bismarck’s appreciation of, [196];
• father of social democracy, [210];
• nominates Becker as his successor in the presidency of the laborers’ union, [225].
• Laurent, a Saint-Simonian, [72].
• Laveleye, De, “La Démocratie et l’Économie Politique,” [8, note];
• “European Terror,” [150];
• regards Christianity as the hope of the laboring class, [261].
• Le Chevalier, Jules, a Fourierist, [102].
• Ledru-Rollin, a colleague of Louis Blanc, [111].
• Lepelletier, member of the Committee of Insurrection, [32].
• Leroux, exponent of humanitarianism, [72].
• Lesseps, De, inspired by Saint-Simonism, [55], [72];
• Enfantin associated with, in agitation for the Suez Canal, [77].
• Liebknecht moves the expulsion of Becker from the Universal German Laborers’ Union, [226];
• character, [228];
• decides not to enter civil service, [229];
• takes part in the revolution of 1848, [229];
• interpreter of Marx, [230];
• an extremist, [230].
• Louis Philippe criticised by Louis Blanc, [110].
• Ludlow, J. M,, describes causes of decay of religion among the working-men, [24, note];
• assists in forming co-operative societies in England, [251].
• Luther accused of heresy by Saint-Simon, [64].
• Mably compared with Babœuf, [31].
• Macaulay mentions growth of state business in England, [242, note].
• Malon, B., a collectivist, [150];
• description of present tendencies of French socialism, [154].
• Manchester school, sympathy of the party of progress with, [17];
• attacked by professorial socialists, [240];
• indignation of Christian socialists at, [249].
• Maréchal, member of the Committee of Insurrection, [32];
• prepared the “Manifesto of the Equals,” [33].
• Marie, M., wishes to discredit Louis Blanc with the laborers, [112].
• Marlo, “System of World Economy,” [158].
• Marriage, absence of, among the Shakers, [23, note];
• among the Icarians, [48 and note], [51];
• among the Saint-Simonians, [71];
• Enfantin’s views regarding, [75];
• Fourier’s, [100];
• Von Ketteler’s, [259].
• Marx, Karl, indictment against liberalism, [13];
• indebtedness to Proudhon and Rodbertus, [129, note];
• his views adopted by the collectivists, [140];
• life, [170 et seqq.];
• “Das Kapital,” the Bible of the social democrats, [172], [173];
• his ability, [174];
• meetings after his death, [174], [175];
• theory of history, [175];
• doctrine of value, [178];
• labor-time the measure of value, [179];
• head of the International, [185];
• enmity of Becker for, [226].
• Maurice, Frederick, a Christian socialist, [249];
• takes part in the formation of co-operative societies in England, [251].
• Mehring, on the misery of the poor, [10];
• “History of Social Democracy in Germany,” [17];
• on the relations between Progressists and the social democrats, [18];
• his opinion of Liebknecht, [228].
• Meyer, R., on socialism in France since Proudhon, [143];
• estimate of German socialists, [157].
• Mill, John Stuart, objects to present method of distributing economic goods, [67];
• exposition of Ricardo’s law of wages, [199];
• a professorial socialist, [238].
• Morality, state of, after French Revolution, [10];
• to be derived from principle of fraternity, according to Saint-Simon, [65];
• decay of among laboring class as productive of socialistic movements, [224].
• More, Sir Thomas, his “Utopia” socialistic, [3];
• character of, [20];
• inspired Cabet, [40].
• Morelly, “Code de la Nature” the inspiration of Babœuf, [34].
• Morley on Rousseau’s social ideas, [4];
• on Comte’s relation to Saint-Simon, [57, note].
• Most, lecture in Baltimore, [27], [232];
• expelled from the social democratic convention, [216].
• Muiron, adherent of Fourier, [101].
• Müller, Adam, head of the romantic party, against liberalism, [12], [13].
• Mutualism, Proudhon’s scheme, [136].
• Neale, E. V., letter about the Christian social efforts of Maurice, Kingsley, Hughes, etc., and co-operation in England, [252-258].
• Nordhoff criticises Cabet, [41].
• Noyes thinks “familism” and communism antagonistic, [23, note];
• on Fourieristic experiments in America, [107].
• Nuremberg contains magnificent remains of mediæval civilization, [6].
• Owen, Robert, character of, [20];
• representative of English communism, [31, note];
• does not encourage Fourier, [85].
• Parisian mob of 1871, [20].
• Pauperism one of the evils Rodbertus sought to abolish, [161];
• abolition of requires state interference, according to Rodbertus, [166].
• Pellarin, Charles, biographer of Fourier, [102 and note].
• Peron, one of the Icarians, [46], [48].
• Peters, H., values the average work of a laborer in the building trade, [167].
• Plato, his “Republic” socialistic, [3];
• not a demagogue, [20];
• idea of slavery, [176].
• Political programme of Guesde, [153].
• Progressists, their contest with Lassalle; defection of laborers from, [18].
• Proletarians, men without property, [4];
• Saint-Simonism first expression of, [80];
• mentioned in Guesde’s electoral programme, [152];
• Malon’s opinion about, [154];
• call of Marx to the, [171];
• growing importance of, [177];
• will return to Christianity when they understand its true mission (De Laveleye), [261].
• Proudhon, life, [125-130];
• study of theology, [125];
• his work on the observation of Sunday, [126];
• studies political economy, [127];
• importance of “Qu’est-ce que la Propriété?” [127-129];
• hatred of rich, [128];
• discouraged visionary projects, [129];
• “Système des Contradictions Économiques,” etc., [130];
• a destroyer, [130];
• combats other systems, [129], [131];
• failure of his bank designed for the benefit of the laborers, [131], [136];
• ideas on property, [132];
• anarchy his ideal of government, [134];
• mutualism, [136];
• rejects communism, [137];
• how equality is to be obtained, [138];
• anarchic equality, [139];
• résumé of his system, [140];
• his honesty of purpose, [141].
• Reybaud introduces the word socialist, [29, note];
• “Études sur les Réformateurs,” [34, note];
• description of the death of Saint-Simon, [61].
• Ricardo, estimation of, by German socialists, [157];
• law of wages, [191], [197], [199].
• Rich, confrontation of, by poor productive of socialistic movements, [221].
• Ripley, George, one of the leading spirits in the Brook Farm experiment, [107].
• Rochdale, co-operative experiment at, [253].
• Rodbertus, Karl, life, [159];
• representative of pure theoretical socialism, [159];
• compared with Ricardo, [160];
• his writings, [160];
• describes pauperism and crises as the great social evils, [161];
• his starting-point is his conception of labor, [161];
• the cause of pauperism and crises, [162];
• evils of the laissez-faire system, [163];
• division of products, [164];
• pauperism and panics to be banished by state interference, [166];
• his influence, [169];
• correspondence with Lassalle, [192].
• Rodrigues chosen by Saint-Simon as his successor, [71].
• Rogers, Thorold, points out certain good features in feudalism, [5].
• Roscher, criticism on German socialism, [158];
• offenses punishable with death in the army, [209];
• conditions productive of socialistic movements, [221];
• elevates man to the central position in economic science, [244].
• Rossi, Pellegrino, instructor of Proudhon, [127].
• Rothschild, his refutation of communism, [35].
• Rousseau, opinions about property, [3].
• Ruskin, complains of a lack of patriotism in money matters, [239].
• Rylance, Dr. J. H., “Lectures on Social Questions,” [17];
• relation between socialism and Christianity, [24].
• Sacred College of Apostles founded by Saint-Simonians, [74].
• Saint-Simon, opposed to the laissez-faire system, [12];
• life, [53 et seqq.];
• in America, [54];
• life purpose, [55];
• Mexico, Panama Canal scheme, [55];
• president of the commune, [56];
• imprisonment, [56];
• teacher of Comte, [57];
• destitution, [58];
• writings, [59];
• obtains a pension, [60];
• “Nouveau Christianisme,” [60];
• doctrines, [62];
• teaches the need of authority, [63];
• association, [64];
• revolution injurious, [64];
• economic and social organizations, [66];
• a representative of pure socialism, [66];
• state property versus private property, [68];
• society to be organized as an army, [68];
• his followers, the Saint-Simonians, accused of advocating communism of wives and property, [69];
• they reject inheritance, [69];
• their views regarding women, [71];
• their costume, [75];
• schism among them, [75];
• Ménilmontant, [76];
• beneficial results of Saint-Simonism, [79];
• Saint-Simon compared with Fourier, [81];
• contempt of Saint-Simonians for Fourier, [85];
• Saint-Simon’s rank among French socialists, [108].
• Savigny, opinion concerning “Das System der erworbenen Rechte” of Lassalle, [190].
• Schäffle, his “Socialism as Presented by Kaufmann,” describes war-cries against capital as modern, [2];
• considers communists as not necessarily anti-Christian, [25];
• criticism on Fourier, [100];
• his “Quintessence of Socialism,” [150];
• took him years to understand German socialism, [156].
• Schmoller, a professorial socialist, [237];
• definition of state, [241];
• his open letter to Professor von Treitschke, [243].
• Schweitzer, Von, president of the Universal German Laborers’ Union, [226];
• his life, [226], [227];
• withdrawal from the social democrats, [227].
• Shakers referred to by Noyes in the question of “familism” versus socialism, [23, note].
• Shaw, Albert, his letter on present condition of the Icarians, [42-48].
• Sismondi, purpose of the poor and rich in labor, [9].
• Slaney introduces in Parliament a bill which becomes the law of industrial societies in England, [254].
• Smalley, G. W., eulogy on Louis Blanc’s character, [116].
• Smith, Adam, regards economic goods only as products of labor, [161];
• the wages of labor, [202].
• Social democrats, views of, concerning the crimes of the rich, [11];
• Mehring’s history of, in Germany, [17];
• irreligious attitude of, [23];
• one of the divisions of communism and socialism, [30], [169];
• the collectivists are social democrats, [149];
• are international, [150];
• admit the necessity of land and capital, [168];
• Marx their leading theoretician, [170];
• “Das Kapital” the Bible of, [173];
• Lassalle their leading agitator, [189];
• rise of, [194], [203];
• doctrines, [197];
• extremists, [204];
• characteristics, [204];
• demands, [205];
• some beneficial doctrines, [205];
• movement towards communism, [206];
• their programme involves army discipline, [209];
• since the death of Lassalle, [211];
• universal suffrage, [211];
• number of their votes for the members of the Reichstag, [213];
• blamed for attempts on the life of the emperor, [214];
• congress at Wyden, 1880, [215];
• at Copenhagen, 1883, [216];
• grounds of their discontent, [216];
• internal history of the party after Lassalle’s death, [225];
• the Laborers’ Union, [225];
• Social Democratic Labor Party, [227];
• change in since Lassalle, [231];
• violence thought necessary, [232];
• connection with attempts on the life of the emperor, [233];
• compared with early Christians, [233].
• Socialism, object, [1];
• peculiarities of modern schemes, [2];
• cosmopolitan, [3];
• older schemes, [4];
• before the French Revolution, [4];
• taught the necessity of new forms of society after the French Revolution, [13];
• proper method of treatment, [14];
• hatred of most authors for, [16];
• opposed to individualism, [29];
• distinguished from communism, [30];
• modern schemes of, [30];
• Saint-Simonism vide [Saint-Simon], Fourierism vide [Fourier], connection with politics, [109];
• principle of authority, [124];
• Proudhon, [124];
• in France since Proudhon, [143];
• cause of French, [143];
• existing French, [144];
• Blanquists, [145];
• anarchists, [146];
• nihilism, [146];
• anarchists believe in collectivism, [149];
• collectivists, [150];
• classical epoch-making is to-day German, [156];
• vitality of German, [156];
• German, like French, is negative, [157];
• adherents of German school of, [158];
• Rodbertus, [159];
• classification of German, [169];
• Marx, [170];
• International Workingmen’s Association, [183];
• Lassalle, [189];
• conditions productive of, [221];
• Bismarck’s measures, [235];
• professorial, [236];
• belief of professorial, [236], [241];
• mosaic legislation, [237];
• formation of party of professorial socialists, [237];
• Mill’s statement of doctrines of professorial, [238];
• convention at Eisenach in 1872, [240];
• questions discussed, [240];
• exaltation of the state by professorial, [241];
• Wagner’s law of expenditures of government, [242];
• accomplishment of Wagner’s ideal, [243];
• professorial repudiates self-interest, [243];
• De Lamennais and Christian, [245];
• Christian, in England, [249];
• co-operative societies, [251];
• letter of Mr. Neale, [252-255];
• two divisions of Christian, [256];
• Protestant Christian, [256];
• Catholic Christian, [257].
• Stein, Von, describes Saint-Simon’s historical importance, [79], [80];
• comparison between Fourier and Saint-Simon, [81];
• comparison between the classification of the passions by Fourier and that by Pythagoras and Bossuet, [92, note].
• Stöcker, a leader of Protestant Christian Socialism in Germany, [256].
• Strikes, to be reported to the congresses of the International Workingmen’s Association, [184];
• to be abolished by the Social Democrats, [209].
• Sumner, Charles, opinion of Louis Blanc’s “Histoire de la Révolution Française,” [111].
• Sybel, Von, History of the French Revolution, [6, note], [33, note].
• Taine, “Ancient Régime,” [6, note].
• Thomas, Émile, manager of the ateliers nationaux, [112].
• Todt, Dr., a leader of Protestant Christian Socialism, [256].
• Treitschke, Von, attacks the professorial socialists, [243].
• Union for social politics, formation of, [240].
• Universal German Laborers’ Union, formation of, [194];
• demanded universal and equal suffrage, [212];
• since Lassalle, [225];
• its presidents, [226];
• presidency of Von Schweitzer, [227].
• Value, Marx’s doctrine of, presented by Proudhon, [129];
• is found in “Das Kapital,” [178].
• Vigoureux, Madame Clarisse, a Fourierist, [102].
• Wages, Iron Law of, significance of, [191];
• Lassalle’s statement of, [197];
• Mill’s statement of, [199];
• accepted by Von Ketteler, [258].
• Wagner, opinion of Rodbertus, [159];
• a professorial socialist, [169];
• leader of the professorial socialists, [237];
• his law of expenditures of government, [242].
• Walker, F. A., proper method of dealing with social questions, [16].
• Weitling, alleged dependence of Lassalle upon, [19].
• Wolff, one of the founders of Neue Rheinische Zeitung, [171].
• Workshops, Louis Blanc’s system of, [112], [113], [119-122], [192].

THE END.

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