The retention of the urine in horses, because of spasm or paralysis of certain muscles, may be treated by passing the catheter. Sometimes spreading litter under the horse and keeping it quiet may induce it to urinate. Hot packs over the region of the back may be used. The treatment for calculi is entirely surgical. The operation for the removal of cystic calculi in the horse, although difficult, is followed by good results.
QUESTIONS
1. Describe the urinary apparatus.
2. Give the composition of the urine and quantity secreted in the different
animals.
3. State method of determining quantity and composition of urine secreted
by different domestic animals.
4. Give the causes and treatment of excessive urination.
5. Give the causes and treatment of congestion and inflammation of the kidneys.
6. Give the causes of cystitis; symptoms; treatment.
7. Give the causes and treatment of retention of the urine.