’s were, of course, then, larger than those due to Brownian movements alone, and might easily, with but a few observations, be two or three times as large. Since
appears in the denominator of equation (29), it will be seen at once that because of the observer’s timing errors a series of observed
’s will always tend to be larger than the
due to Brownian movements alone, and hence that the Brownian-movement method always tends to yield too low a value of
, and accordingly too low a value of