[34]. Park and Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology, p. 509.
[35]. Although the actions of individuals may be designed and controlled, the total effect of individual action is neither designed nor anticipated.
[36]. Human Geography, p. 52.
[37]. Brunhes points out by a series of maps the very intimate relation between the distribution of human habitations and the water systems of different countries. He also demonstrates the relation of the modern industrial community to the regions of coal deposits.
[38]. The close relation existing between the coal and iron areas and the location of modern industrial communities has frequently been pointed out. L. C. A. Knowles says: “Apart from special and exceptional circumstances industry in Europe and the United States tends to grow up within easy railway access to the great coal areas and on these areas the population is massed in towns” (The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century, p. 24).
[39]. To be sure, if the interests in question are commercialized, the growth of the community is subject to the same laws of competition as the other types of communities, with the exception that change is likely to be more rapid and fanciful.
[40]. See H. P. Douglass, The Little Town, p. 44.
[41]. F. E. Clements, Plant Succession, p. 3. Carr-Saunders refers to the point of population adjustment to resources as the “optimum.”
[42]. J. Russell Smith, Industrial and Commercial Geography (1913), p. 841.
[43]. A. T. Hadley, “Economic Results of Improvement in Means of Transportation,” quoted in Marshall, Business Administration, p. 35.