[169] Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1901, p. 300.
[170] See p. 219.
[171] H. A. Taine, The Ancient Régime, Preface, p. viii. (New York, 1891.)
[172] Karl Lamprecht, What Is History? p. 3. (New York, 1905.)
[173] See chap. i, Sociology and the Social Sciences, pp. 6-12.
[174] See references, chap. ii, "Human Nature," p. 149.
[175] For a discussion of the philosophical background of Adam Smith's political philosophy see Wilhelm Hasbach, Untersuchungen über Adam Smith. (Leipzig, 1891.)
[176] "The science of Political Economy as we have it in England may be defined as the science of business, such as business is in large productive and trading communities. It is an analysis of that world so familiar to many Englishmen—the 'great commerce' by which England has become rich. It assumes the principal facts which make that commerce possible, and as is the way of an abstract science it isolates and simplifies them: it detaches them from the confusion with which they are mixed in fact. And it deals too with the men who carry on that commerce, and who make it possible. It assumes a sort of human nature such as we see everywhere around us, and again it simplifies that human nature; it looks at one part of it only. Dealing with matters of 'business,' it assumes that man is actuated only by motives of business. It assumes that every man who makes anything, makes it for money, that he always makes that which brings him in most at least cost, and that he will make it in the way that will produce most and spend least; it assumes that every man who buys, buys with his whole heart, and that he who sells, sells with his whole heart, each wanting to gain all possible advantage. Of course we know that this is not so, that men are not like this; but we assume it for simplicity's sake, as an hypothesis."—Walter Bagehot, The Postulates of English Political Economy. (New York and London, 1885.)
[177] H. G. Wells, The Outline of History, Vol. II, pp. 579-95. (New York, 1920.)
[178] Pure Sociology, p. 261. (New York, 1903.)