25. Under what conditions will a mass movement (a) become organized, and (b) become an institution?
FOOTNOTES:
[280] W. G. Sumner, Folkways. A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals, pp. 12-13. (Boston, 1906.)
[281] Scipio Sighele, in a note to the French edition of his Psychology of Sects, claims that his volume, La Folla delinquente, of which the second edition was published at Turin in 1895, and his article "Physiologie du succès," in the Revue des Revues, October 1, 1894, were the first attempts to describe the crowd from the point of view of collective psychology. Le Bon published two articles, "Psychologie des foules" in the Revue scientifique, April 6 and 20, 1895. These were later gathered together in his volume Psychologie des foules, Paris, 1895. See Sighele Psychologie des sectes, pp. 25, 39.
[282] Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd. A study of the popular mind, p. 19. (New York, 1900.)
[283] Ibid., p. 83.
[284] L'Opinion et la foule, pp. 6-7. (Paris, 1901.)
[285] The Crowd, p. 41.
[286] Sidney L. Hinde, The Fall of the Congo Arabs, p. 147. (London, 1897.) Describing a characteristic incident in one of the strange confused battles Hinde says: "Wordy war, which also raged, had even more effect than our rifles. Mahomedi and Sefu led the Arabs, who were jeering and taunting Lutete's people, saying that they were in a bad case, and had better desert the white man, who was ignorant of the fact that Mohara with all the forces of Nyange was camped in his rear. Lutete's people replied: 'Oh, we know all about Mohara; we ate him the day before yesterday.'" This news became all the more depressing when it turned out to be true. See also Hirn, The Origins of Art, p. 269, for an explanation of the rôle of threats and boastings in savage warfare.
[287] Robert E. Park and Herbert A. Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted. Document 23, pp. 32-33. (New York, 1921.)