1.France.The Arve and the Erve.
Germany.Orb(aha), 11th cent., now the Orb.
Sardinia.The Arve and the Orbe.
Hungary.The Arva. Joins the Waag.
Spain.The Arva, three rivers, tributaries to the Ebro.
2.With the ending en.
Scotland.The Irvine. Co. Ayr.
France.Arvenna ant., now the Orvanne.
3.With the ending el.
Germany.Arbalo, 1st cent., now the Erpe.
4.With the ending es.
Asia Minor.Harpăsus ant., now the Harpa.

In the Sansc. cal, to move, and the derivatives Sansc. calas, Gr. κελης, Obs. Gael. callaidh, Latin celer, all having the same meaning—the sense of rapidity seems sufficiently marked to include them in this chapter.

1.Scotland.The Gala. Roxburgh.
Sicily.Gela ant.[49]
Illyria.The Gail.
Greece.Callas ant., in Eubœa.
As. Turkey.The Chalus of Xenophon, now the Koweik.
2.With the ending en.
Ireland.The Callan. Armagh.
3.With the ending er = Lat. celer?
Italy.Calor ant., now the Calore.
4.With the ending es = Sansc. calas, &c.?
Germany.Chalusus, 2nd cent., supposed to be the Trave.
The Kels, in Bavaria.
India.The Cailas.

I am inclined to bring in here, as a derivative form of cal, and perhaps corresponding with the Obs. Gael. callaidh, celer, the forms caled, calt, gelt. That the Germ. kalt, Eng. cold, may intermix, is very probable, but I do not think that all the English rivers at any rate can be placed to it. There is more to be said for it in the case of the Caldew than of the others, for one of the two streams that form it is called the Cald-beck (i.e., cold brook), and it seems natural that the whole river should then assume the name of Caldew (cold river). Yet there may be nothing more in it than that the Saxons or Danes who succeeded to the name, adopted it in their own sense, and conformed to it. It is to be observed that although the form Caldew corresponds with the Germ. Chaldhowa, yet that the local pronunciation is invariably Cauda (=Calda), corresponding with the Scandinavian form. Upon the whole however, there is much doubt about this group; the form gelt Förstemann refers, as I myself had previously done, to Old Norse gelta, in the sense of resonare. In the following names I take the Kalit(va) of Russia, and the Celydnus and Celadon of Greece to approach the nearest to the original form.

1.England.The Gelt. Cumberland.
The Chelt by Cheltenham—here?
The Cald(ew). Cumberland.
Germany.The Cald(howa), (Adam Brem.), now seems to be called the Aue.
Russia.The Kalit(va). Joins the Donetz.
2.With the ending en.
Germany.Gelten(aha), 11th cent., now the Geltn(ach).
Greece.Celydnus ant. Epirus.
Celadon ant. Elis.
3.With the ending er.
England.The Calder. Three rivers.
Scotland.The Calder. Joins the Clyde.
Belgium.Galthera, 9th cent.

I am also inclined to bring in, as another derivative form of cal, the word calip, calb, kelp. The only appellatives I find for it are the word kelp, sea-weed, and the Scottish kelpie, a water-spirit, wherein, as in other words of the same sort, may perhaps lie a word for water. However, this can be considered as nothing more than a conjecture.

1.Germany.Kalb(aha), 8th cent., now the Kohlb(ach).
The Kulpa. Aust. Croatia.
Hungary.Colapis ant., affluent of the Drave.
Spain.The Chelva. Prov. Valentia.
Portugal.Callĭpus ant., now the Sadao.
Asia Minor.Calbis ant. Caria.
Calpas ant. Bithynia.
2.With the ending en.
Scotland.The Kelvin. Stirling.

The Sansc. car, to move, Lat. curro, like some other words of the same sort, branches out into two different meanings—that of going fast, and that of going round. Hence the river-names from this root have in some cases the sense of rapidity, and in others of tortuousness; and these two senses are somewhat at variance with each other, because tortuousness is more generally connected with slowness. Separating the two meanings as well as I can, I bring in the following here.

1.Scotland.The Garry. Perthshire.
The Yarrow. Selkirkshire.
2.With the ending en.
England.Garrhuenus ant., now the Yare.
France.Garumna or Garunna ant. The Garonne.
The Giron. Joins the Garonne.
Greece.Geranius ant., and Geron ant., two rivers of Elis, according to Strabo.
3.With the ending es = Sansc. caras, swift, Lat. cursus, &c.
France.The Gers. Joins the Garonne.
Chares ant., now the Chiers.
Germany.The Kersch. Joins the Neckar.
Italy.The Garza, by Brescia.
Hungary.Gerăsus ant., now the Koros.
Asia Minor.The Caresus of Homer in the plain of Troy.
Syria.Cersus ant., now the Merkez.

There appear to be several words in which the sense of violence or rapidity is brought out by the preposition pra, pro, fro, in composition with a verb. Thus the Welsh ffre-uo, to gush, whence ffrau, a torrent, seems to correspond with the Sansc. pra-i, Lat. præ-eo, &c. Or perhaps we should take a verb with a stronger sense, say yu, to gush, and presume a Sansc. pra-yu = Welsh ffre-uo. In the Albanian πρό, a torrent, corresponding with Welsh ffrau, there seems, however, no trace of a verb.