| 1. | England. | The Crumm(ock), formerly Crum(beck), which forms the lake of the same name. |
| Germany. | Crumb(aha), 10th cent., now the Grumb(ach). | |
| Russia. | The Kroma. Gov. Orel. | |
| 2. | With the ending en. | |
| Germany. | Chrumbin(bach), 8th cent., now the Krum(bach). | |
| 3. | With the ending er. | |
| Italy. | Cremera ant. in Etruria. | |
| 4. | With the ending es. | |
| Germany. | The Krems. Joins the Danube. | |
| Sicily. | Cremisus ant. | |
For the root sid we have the Welsh sid, winding, and the Anglo-Saxon sîd, broad, spreading. The former is, I think, the sense contained in the following, though both words may be from the same root.
| 1. | England. | The Sid. Devonshire. |
| 2. | With the ending en. | |
| England. | The Seaton. Cornwall. | |
| 3. | With the ending rn, p. [34]. | |
| Switzerland. | Siteruna, 8th cent., now the Sitter or Sittern. | |
Baxter's derivation of the Derwent from Welsh derwyn, to wind, appears to me the most suitable. That of Zeuss (taking the form Druentia), from dru, oak, seems insufficient; because the number of names, all in the same form, seem to indicate that the word contained must be something more than dru. That of Armstrong, from dear, great, amhain, river, is founded upon a careless hypothesis that the Derwent of Cumberland is the largest river in the North of England, which is not by any means the case.
| England. | The Derwent. Four rivers. |
| Treonta ant. The Trent. | |
| France. | Druentia ant., now the Durance. |
| Germany. | The Drewenz. Prussia. |
| Italy. | Truentius ant., now the Trento. |
| Russia. | Turuntus ant., now the Duna. |
In the sense of tortuousness I am inclined to bring in the following, referring them to Old Norse meis, curvatura, Eng. maze, &c. This seems most suitable to the character of the rivers, as the Maese or Meuse, and the Moselle. The word seems wanting in the Celtic, unless we think of the Welsh mydu, to arch, to vault. The other word which might put in a claim is mos, which, in the sense of marsh, is to be traced both in the Celtic and German speech, and whence, as supposed, the name of the ancient Mysia or Mœsia.
| 1. | England. | The Maese. Derbyshire. |
| Scotland. | The Masie. Aberdeen. | |
| France, &c. | Mosa, 1st cent. B.C. The Maas, Maes, or Meuse. | |
| Germany. | Miss(aha), 8th cent. The Meiss(au). | |
| The Mies in Bohemia. | ||
| 2. | With the ending en. | |
| Italy. | The Musone. Two rivers. | |
| 3. | With the ending el. | |
| Germany. | Mosella, 1st cent. The Moselle. | |
The only names which appear to contain an opposite sense to the foregoing are the Beina of Norway, and the Bane of Lincolnshire, which seem to be from Old Norse beinn, North Eng. bain, straight, direct.
FOOTNOTES:
[57] That is, if it be the name of any real river falling into the Baltic, (the Rhodaune by Dantzic is suggested by some); but according to Heeren and Sir G. Lewis the Eridanus was a purely poetical stream, without any geographical position or character.—See an article by Sir G. Lewis in Notes and Queries, July 3, 1858.