The Irregulars of the Second Class end in ght, both in the Past Time and Participle; and change the vowel or diphthong into au or ou: they are taken from the Saxon, in which the termination is hte.
| Saxon. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bring, | brought: | Bringan, | brohte. |
| Buy, | bought: | Bycgean, | bohte. |
| Catch, | caught: | ||
| Fight, | fought: | Feotan, | fuht. |
| Teach, | taught: | Tæchan, | tæhte. |
| Think, | thought: | Thencan, | thohte. |
| Seek, | sought: | Secan, | sohte. |
| Work, | wrought: | Weorcan, | worhte. |
Fraught seems rather to be an Adjective than the Participle of the Verb to freight, which has regularly freighted. Raught from reach is obsolete.
III.
Irregulars in en.
The Irregulars of the Third Class form the Past Time by changing the vowel or diphthong of the Present; and the Participle Perfect and Passive by adding the termination en, beside, for the most part, the change of the vowel or diphthong. These also derive their formation in both parts from the Saxon.
| Present. | Past. | Participle. |
|---|---|---|
| a changed into e. | ||
| Fall, | fell, | fallen. |
| a into o. | ||
| Awake, | awoke, | [awaked.] |
| a into oo. | ||
| Forsake, | forsook, | forsaken. |
| Shake, | shook, | shaken. |
| Take, | took, | taken. |
| aw into ew. | ||
| Draw, | drew, | drawn[31]. |
| ay into ew. | ||
| Slay, | slew, | slayn[31]. |
| e into a or o, o. | ||
| Get, | gat, or got, | gotten. |
| Help, | [helped,] | holpen. |
| Melt, | [melted,] | molten[28]. |
| Swell, | [swelled,] | swollen[28]. |
| ea into a or o. | ||
| Eat, | ate, | eaten. |
| Bear, | bare, or bore, | born. |
| Break, | brake, or broke, | broken. |
| Cleave, | clave, or clove[28], | cloven[28]. |
| Speak, | spake, or spoke, | spoken. |
| Swear, | sware, or swore, | sworn. |
| Tear, | tare, or tore, | torn. |
| Wear, | ware, or wore, | worn. |
| Heave, | hove[28], | hoven. |
| Shear, | shore, | shorn. |
| Steal, | stole, | stolen, or stoln. |
| Tread, | trode, | trodden. |
| Weave, | wove, | woven. |
| ee into o, o. | ||
| Creep, | crope, | [creeped, or crept.] |
| Freeze, | froze, | frozen. |
| Seethe, | sod, | sodden. |
| ee into aw. | ||
| See, | saw, | seen. |
| i long into i short, i short. | ||
| Bite, | bit, | bitten. |
| Chide, | chid, | chidden. |
| Hide, | hid, | hidden. |
| Slide, | slid, | slidden. |
| i long into o, i short. | ||
| Abide, | abode. | |
| Drive, | drove, | driven. |
| Ride, | rode, | ridden. |
| Rise, | rose, | risen. |
| Shine, | shone, | [shined.] |
| Shrive, | shrove, | shriven. |
| Smite, | smote, | smitten. |
| Stride, | strode, | stridden. |
| Strive, | strove[28], | striven[28]. |
| Thrive, | throve, | thriven. |
| Write[32], | wrote, | written. |
| i long into u, i short. | ||
| Strike, | struck, | stricken, or strucken. |
| i short into a. | ||
| Bid, | bade, | bidden. |
| Give, | gave, | given. |
| Sit[33], | sat, | sitten. |
| Spit, | spat, | spitten. |
| i short into u. | ||
| Dig, | dug[28], | [digged.] |
| ie into ay. | ||
| Lie[34], | lay, | lien, or lain. |
| o into e. | ||
| Hold, | held, | holden. |
| o into i. | ||
| Do, | did, | done, i. e. doen. |
| oo into o, o. | ||
| Choose, | chose, | chosen[35]. |
| ow into ew. | ||
| Blow, | blew, | blown. |
| Crow, | crew, | [crowed.] |
| Grow, | grew, | grown. |
| Know, | knew, | known. |
| Throw, | threw, | thrown. |
| y into ew, ow. | ||
| Fly[36], | flew, | flown. |
The following are Irregular only in the Participle; and that without changing the vowel.
| Bake, | [baked,] | baken[28]. |
| Grave, | [graved,] | graven[28]. |
| Hew, | [hewed,] | hewen, or hewn[28]. |
| Lade, | [laded,] | laden. |
| Load, | [loaded,] | loaden[28]. |
| Mow, | [mowed,] | mown[28]. |
| Rive, | [rived,] | riven. |
| Saw, | [sawed,] | sawn[28]. |
| Shave, | [shaved,] | shaven[28]. |
| Shew, | [shewed,] | shewn[28]. |
| Sow, | [sowed,] | sown[28]. |
| Straw, -ew, or -ow, [strawed, &c.] | strown[28]. | |
| Wax, | [waxed,] | waxen[28]. |
Some Verbs which change i short into a or u, and i long into ou, have dropt the termination en in the Participle.