America: A history

by Robert Mackenzie

[64] In 1874 the public schools were attended by only one hundred and forty thousand pupils.

---

INDEX.

• Abraham, Heights of, [79], [344], [345].
• Acts of the English Parliament, Burning of, [84].
• Adams, Samuel, [90].
• Agriculture in Canada, [429].
• Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, [73].
• Alabama, The, [279];
• Settlement of the Dispute, [280], [281].
• Alatamaha, The, [55].
• Alexander, William, Lord Stirling, [115].
• Alexandria, [75], [76], [211], [212].
• Almagro, [451], [458], [459], [464].
• Alvarado, Pedro de, [447], [450].
• America, British, The Six Colonies of, [394].
• America, Discovery of, by Columbus, [13];
• by the Cabots, [14].
• Amsterdam, New, [48].
• Anderson, Major, [206].
• André, Major, [124].
• Annapolis (Port Royal), [401].
• Anna, Santa, Mexican Commander, [174].
• Antietam, Battle of, [228].
• Anti-Slavery Society, Formation of, [167].
• Argall, Samuel, [337].
• Argentine Confederation, The, [531].
• Arkansas, [184].
• Arkwright, Richard, [81], [155], [288].
• Arlington Heights, [212].
• Arnold, Commander of West Point, [123].
• Atahualpa, Inca of Peru, [455], [460].
• Atlanta, Capture of, [247].
• Augustine First, Emperor of Mexico, [516].
• Ayacucho, Battle of, [506].
• Baptists, Persecution of, [40].
• Barbadoes, [506].
• Beauregard, General, [212].
• Bladensburg, [148].
• Blanco, Guzman, [515], [516].
• Bland Silver Bill, The, [303].
• Blockade of Southern Ports, [212], [231].
• Board of Trade, Government of the Colonies by the, [360].
• Bolivar, Don Simon, [501], [505], [514].
• Booth, Murderer of Pres. Lincoln, [257].
• Boston, [29], [38], [45];
• Boston Common, [86], [88], [90], [91], [95], [97], [99], [101], [103], [146], [167], [209].
• “Boston Massacre,” The, [89].
• Braddock, General, [75], [339], [340].
• Brandywine River, [115].
• Brébœuf, Jean de, [326], [328], [332].
• Brewster, [29], [36].
• Brock, General, [369].
• Broke, Captain, [146].
• Brooklyn, Engagement at, [108].
• Brown, The Honourable George, [395], [396].
• Brunswick, Duke of, [107].
• Buccaneer, Origin of the word, [489].
• Buchanan, President, [200].
• Buenos Ayres, [528], [529].
• Buena-Vista, Battle of, [174].
• Bunker Hill, fortified by the Americans, [97];
• taken by the English, [99], [100].
• Burgoyne, General, [97], [117].
• Burke, Edmund, [72], [86], [91].
• Burnside, General, [229].
• Cabot, John and Sebastian, [14], [311], [440].
• Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, [545].
• Calhoun, John C., [161].
• Cambridge, Massachusetts, [98], [99], [100].
• Canada, [73];
• Invasion of, [78];
• ceded to England, [80];
• appealed to by the States, [93];
• invaded by the Americans, [145];
• the Founder of, [318];
• Original Extent, [321];
• Climate and Animals, [322];
• Early Inhabitants, [323];
• a British Possession, [346];
• Revenue and Exports, [349];
• Progress of, [355];
• Government, [359], [374];
• Population, [359] n.;
• the Quebec Act, [360];
• Invasion of by Americans, [362];
• Increase of Population, [366], [373];
• Pitt’s Bill, [367];
• another American Invasion, [368];
• Education in Lower, [374];
• in Upper, [375];
• Union of the Two Provinces, [387];
• Effects of Free Trade, [389];
• Grand Trunk Railway, [393];
• Financial Position, [393];
• The Dominion, [397];
• its Political Constitution, [398];
• Area and Population, [426];
• Commerce, [427];
• the Lumber Trade, [428];
• Agriculture, [429];
• Fisheries, [430];
• Mercantile Navy, [430];
• Taxation, [430];
• the Educational System, [433].
• Cape Breton, taken by the English, [341], [401].
• Cape Cod Bay, [31].
• Carabobo, Bolivar’s Victory at, [502].
• Carleton, Governor of Canada, [362].
• Carolina, North, [54], [81], [96], [121].
• Carolina, South, [54], [61], [81], [121], [159], [196].
• Cartier, Jacques, [314], [315].
• “Carting, The Inconvenient Habit of,” [84].
• Carver, John, [32].
• Cassamarca, a City of Peru, [460].
• Census, The American, of 1860, [190];
• of 1870, [275];
• of 1880, [303].
• Census of Canada, 1831, [378].
• Champlain, Samuel de, [317-321].
• Chancellorsville, Fighting at, [235].
• Charles I. of England, [33].
• Charles II. of England, [65].
• Charles V. of Spain, [59].
• Charleston, [196].
• Chesapeake Bay, [127].
• Chesapeake, The Frigate, [146].
• Chili, [523], [524].
• Cholula, Massacre at, [444].
• Christian Commission, The, [268].
• Civil Service Reform, [304].
• Clay, Henry, [177], [184].
• “Clergy Reserves,” The, [376], [391].
• Clinton, General, [97], [123], [127].
• Coalition Government, The Canadian, of 1864, [396].
• Cochrane, Lord, [523] n.
• Colombia, The Republic of, [514].
• Colonial Department of English Government, [360].
• Colonies, The Four United, of New England, [37].
• Colonization, American, the Result of Oppression in Europe, [21].
• Columbia, British, [423], [424].
• Columbus, Christopher, [12], [439], [475], [479], [486], [553].
• Commerce, American, Restrictions on, [85].
• Compass, The Mariner’s, [12].
• Concord, The Village of, [94], [95].
• Confederacy, The States of the, [197].
• Congress, [87], [92], [101], [105], [110], [111], [118], [122], [129], [130], [132], [138].
• Connecticut, [37], [54], [96], [168].
• Convention of Delegates from the Thirteen Original States, [134].
• Cook, James, the Navigator, [78].
• Cornwallis, Lord, [115], [127], [128].
• Cortes, Hernando, [442-446], [448], [449].
• Cromwell, Oliver, [33], [38], [65].
• Crown Point, The Capture of, [362].
• Cuba, [507-510].
• Cusco, the Capital of Peru, [460], [462], [463].
• Darien, The Spanish Settlement of, [440].
• Davis, Jefferson, [197], [201], [202], [252], [253], [262].
• Debt, The War, of the General Government and of the States, [139];
• at the Close of the Federal War, [276].
• Debtors and the English Law, [55].
• Declaration of Independence, [72], [152].
• Delaware, Lord, [26].
• Delaware River, [52], [53].
• Delaware State, [54], [105].
• De Leon, Ponce, Expedition of, [15].
• Delfthaven, [30].
• De Luque, [451], [453].
• De Soto, Ferdinand, Expedition of, [15-17].
• Dickenson, John, [93].
• Dorchester, The Heights of, [102].
• Dufferin, Lord, Viceroy of Canada, [434].
• Du Quesne, Fort (Pittsburg), taken, [341].
• Early, General, [247].
• East India Company sends Tea to America, [89];
• The Tea thrown into the Sea, [91].
• Ebenezer, The Town, [56].
• Ecuador, [514].
• Education, Progress of, in New England, [36], [82];
• in Southern States, [82];
• in the Union, [293-298];
• in Canada, [351], [374], [375], [433].
• Elgin, Lord, Governor-General of Canada, [388], [390].
• Eliot, John, Apostle of the Indians, [47].
• Elizabeth, Queen of England, [60].
• English, Early Settlements of the, [333];
• Wars with French Settlers, [338], [340];
• Conquests of, [342].
• Erie, Lake, Naval Fight on, [370].
• Exports, American, Restrictions on, [85].
• Exports of America, The, [291], [292].
• Falmouth, [44].
• Family Compact (Canadian), [376], [381].
• Farming, American, [284].
• Farragut, Admiral, [222].
• Federal Army, Disbanding of the, [263].
• Feudalism in Canada, [350];
• Abolished, [391].
• Fisheries of Canada, [430].
• Florida, its Discovery, [15];
• ceded to England, [80].
• Fort Detroit, [145].
• Fort Du Quesne, [75].
• Fort Necessity, [74].
• Fort Pitt, [76].
• Fort Sumpter, Bombardment of, [206].
• Fox, George, [42].
• France, American Possessions of, [15], [73];
• her Sympathy with America, [112];
• her Treaty with America against England, [120];
• her Aid to America, [127];
• Surrender of her Possessions, [346].
• Francia, Dr., Dictator of Paraguay, [526].
• Franklin, Benjamin, [71], [72], [76], [84], [86], [115], [120], [134], [159].
• Frederick of Prussia, [107].
• Fredericksburg, Disaster at, [229].
• Freedmen’s Bureau, [249].
• Fremont, General, [225].
• French, The, in Canada, [315], [316], [320], [321], [341], [342].
• Frobisher, Martin, [312].
• Gage, General, [91], [94], [97], [98], [101].
• Garfield, President James, [303-308].
• Garibaldi, Defender of Monte Video, [529].
• Garrison, William Lloyd, [167].
• Gates, General, [118].
• General Government, Powers of the, [136].
• George II., [55].
• George III., [87], [94], [129].
• Georgia, [54], [61], [81], [92], [96], [121], [159].
• Germantown, [115].
• Gettysburg, Battle of, [237], [238].
• Ghent, Treaty of, [150].
• Gibraltar, besieged by Spain, [121].
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, [313].
• Goree, [121].
• Gourlay, Robert, [377].
• Granada, [121].
• Grant, General, [174], [222], [232], [243], [252], [254];
• President, [273], [304].
• Greene, General, [127].
• Grenville, Lord, [85], [86].
• Guatemala, [450].
• Gulf Stream, [14].
• Haerlem, [109].
• Halifax, Foundation of, [402].
• Hamilton, Alexander, [132], [133], [139], [159].
• Hampden, John, [33].
• Harper’s Ferry, [187], [188], [228].
• Harvard College, [36].
• Hawkins, Sir John, [60].
• Hayes, President R. B., [303].
• Henry, Patrick, [92], [159].
• Henry VII. of England, [311].
• Hochelaga, [314].
• Homestead Act, The, [230].
• Hooker, General, [234], [236].
• House of Representatives, Composition of the, [136].
• Houston, General, [171].
• Howard, General, [249].
• Howe, General, [97], [101], [103], [107], [121].
• Howe, Lord, [107], [108], [110].
• Hudson Bay Company, [411-416].
• Hull, General, [145], [369].
• Huron Mission, The, [328-331].
• Imports of America, their Value before the Revolution, [82];
• Restrictions on, [82], [86], [89], [290].
• Impressment, Results of, [142].
• Independence, Declaration of, [105], [106].
• Indians, The Huron, [318], [328], [332];
• the Iroquois, [318], [331], [338];
• Canadian, present Condition of, [431-433];
• Central American, [467];
• Mexican, [467-469];
• Peruvian, [469-472].
• Jackson, General, [151], [167].
• Jackson, General Thomas,—“Stonewall Jackson,”—217, [234], [235].
• Jamaica, [506].
• James II., [65].
• Jamestown founded, [23].
• Jefferson, Thomas, [159].
• Johnson, President, [264];
• Impeachment of, [272].
• Johnston, General, [233].
• Juarez, Benito, [518-520].
• Kentucky, [160].
• Labrador, Discovery of by the Cabots, [14].
• Lafayette, Marquis de, [112], [113], [153].
• La Galissonnière, Compte de, [335].
• La Salle, Sieur de, [334].
• Las Casas, Bartholomew de, “Protector of the Indians,” [476-478].
• Laud, Archbishop, [33].
• Lawrence, Captain, [146].
• Lawrence, The Town, [180].
• Lee, General Robert E., [174], [217], [228], [234], [238], [244], [254].
• Lee, Richard Henry, [92].
• Lexington, Skirmish at, [94].
• Lightning, Franklin’s Discovery, [72].
• Lima, founded by Pizarro, [462].
• Lincoln, President Abraham, [174], [193-195], [200], [201], [204], [225], [241], [250], [256].
• Lok, John, [60].
• Long Island, [49].
• Lopez, Carlos, Dictator of Paraguay, [527].
• Louisburg, taken by the English, [341], [401].
• Louisiana, [73], [157].
• Lovejoy, Mr., [168].
• Lumber Trade, [428].
• Lundy’s Lane, Battle of, [371].
• Luther, Martin, [14].
• Mackenzie, William Lyon, [381], [384].
• Manassas, Battle at, [213], [228].
• Manhattan Island, [48].
• Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, [67].
• Maryland, [54], [184].
• Massachusetts, [37], [39], [45], [47], [54], [88], [91], [130].
• Mayflower, The, [31], [32], [58].
• Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, [520-522].
• M’Clellan, General George B., [216], [219], [225], [228], [229], [250].
• M’Dowell, General, [213].
• Meade, General, [236].
• “Mean Whites” of the Southern States, [180].
• Mexico, [175], [176], [445], [449], [473], [516], [519], [520-522].
• Milton, John, [33], [38].
• Miranda, Francis, [500], [501].
• Mississippi, Discovery of the, [16].
• Monetary Panic of 1873, [275].
• Monitor, The Turret-Ship, [221].
• Monopolies in Canada, [351].
• Montcalm, Marquis de, [79], [340], [342], [343].
• Monte Video, [529].
• Montezuma, King of Mexico, [443], [446].
• Montgomery, The City of, [216].
• Montreal, Capture of, by the Americans, [362];
• Evacuation of, [363];
• Attempt by the Americans to seize, [369], [370];
• Progress of, [379];
• Political Disturbances at, [383];
• ceases to be the Seat of Government, [388].
• Mount Vernon, [131].
• Navy, The Mercantile, of Canada, [430].
• Neck, Boston, [97];
• Charlestown, [97], [99].
• New Brunswick, Progress and Resources of, [404];
• Settlement of the Boundary, [405].
• New England States, Early Government of, [65];
• Commerce of, [81];
• Educational System of, [82];
• Riots in, [86];
• Muster of Men at Boston, [96];
• wrested from England, [103];
• invaded by a British Army, [117].
• Newfoundland, [311], [321];
• taken Possession of by England, [406], [407];
• Area and Population of, [407];
• the Natives of, [408];
• Resources of, [408].
• New Granada, [514].
• New Hampshire, [54].
• New Haven, [37].
• New Jersey, its Acquisition, [50], [54].
• New Orleans, [150], [222].
• New Plymouth founded, [31].
• New World, The, [312], [313], [333].
• New York, [48], [50], [53], [54], [66], [81], [87], [89], [107], [109], [121], [150].
• North, Lord, [91].
• Nova Scotia (Acadie), a Possession of France, [321], [400];
• a Possession of England, [338], [401];
• Progress and Resources of, [402], [403].
• Oglethorpe, James, 54
• Ohio, Valley of the, [73].
• Ontario, Lake, [365].
• Ordinance of the Convention of South Carolina, dissolving the Union, [196].
• Ottawa, [389].
• Pacific Ocean, Discovery of, [441].
• Paez, General, [515].
• Paine, Thomas, [105].
• Pakenham, Sir Edward, [150].
• Papineau, Louis Joseph, [383].
• Paraguay, [526-528].
• Paris, Mr., [44].
• Paul Jones, [121].
• Paul le Jeune, Father, [326].
• Pea Ridge, Battle of, [222].
• Peninsula, The, [219].
• Pennsylvania, [54], [66], [81], [105], [130].
• Penn, William, [51], [52], [66].
• Penobscot Bay, [337].
• Perrot, Nicholas, [334].
• Peru, [455], [524-526].
• Petersburg, Siege of, [245].
• Philadelphia, [52], [53], [71], [89], [92], [110], [115], [121], [133], [168].
• Pilgrim Fathers, their leaving England, [29];
• Settlement in Holland, [29];
• Removal to New England, [31];
• their Hardships after landing, [32];
• their Political Constitution, [32];
• their Reinforcements from England, [34];
• their Peculiarities, [35];
• their Virtues, [35].
• Pitcairn, Major, [94].
• Pittsburg, [76].
• Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, [78], [82], [87], [88], [91], [92].
• Pizarro, Fernando, [462], [464].
• Pizarro, Juan, [463].
• Pizarro, Gonzalo, [464], [465].
• Pizarro, Francisco, the Discoverer of Peru, [441], [451], [464].
• Plymouth, [37].
• Pocahontas, [24].
• Polk, President, [173].
• Pope, General, [228].
• Port Hudson, Reduction of, [232].
• Port Royal, Capture of, [222].
• Potomac, [71].
• Prescott, Colonel, [98].
• President, Election and Powers of, [137].
• Princeton, [111].
• Protective Tariff, [289].
• Providence, The City of, [39].
• Puerto Rico, [507].
• Putnam, Israel, [96], [98], [99], [108].
• Quakers, Persecution of, [40], [41];
• Beliefs and Character, [42];
• Loyalty of, [105].
• Quebec, [78-80];
• First Occupants of, [315];
• the French Capital, [318];
• taken by England, [320];
• regained by France, [321];
• held by Montcalm, [342];
• besieged by Wolfe, [343];
• surrendered to the English, [346];
• Population of, [349];
• Siege of, by the Americans, [363];
• Progress of, [379];
• Meeting of Delegates at, [396].
• Railway, The Atlantic and Pacific, [285].
• Raleigh, Sir Walter, [22].
• Rapidan, Crossing of the, [244].
• Rappahannock, The Heights of the, [229].
• Reciprocity Treaty, The, [390].
• Red River, The Settlement at, [414], [416], [418-420].
• Rhode Island, State of, founded, [39], [54].
• Richmond, City of, [217], [219], [253].
• Riel, Louis, [416], [417], [421].
• Rio de Janeiro, [546].
• Rivadavia, President-General, [528].
• Robinson, [29], [30].
• Rosas, General, [529], and note.
• Ross, General, [148].
• Routledge, John, [92].
• Russell, Lord John, and Canada, [385], [386].
• Sacramento, The, [176].
• Salem, [39], [44].
• Sanitary Commission, [267].
• San Miguel, [453].
• Santa Anna, President of Mexico, [517].
• Saratoga, The Surrender at, [117].
• Savannah, The River, [55];
• the Town of, [56], [57];
• Capture of, [247].
• Scott, General, [174].
• Scrooby, The Town of, [28].
• Selkirk, Lord, his Colony, [414].
• Senate, Composition of the, [136].
• Senegal, [121].
• Seward, William H., [205], [257].
• Shakamaxon, [53].
• Shannon, The War-Ship, [146].
• Shenandoah, Valley of the, [247].
• Sheridan, General, [247], [252].
• Sherman, General, [246], [252].
• Sierra Leone, [60].
• Slaves, English, sold in Virginia, [26].
• Slave Law, The Fugitive, [178].
• Slavery, forbidden in Georgia, but afterwards allowed, [57];
• the first great Contest regarding, [165];
• the second, [171];
• the third, [180];
• War in Defence of, [198];
• Abolition of, [225], [226], [248], [249].
• Slaves, Negro, First landing of, in America, [58];
• Importation of, begun by Spain, [59];
• carried on by Portugal, [60];
• by England, [60];
• Provision of the American Constitution regarding, [61];
• English Legislation, regarding the Trade in, [62];
• Declaration of English Bishops and Crown Lawyers regarding the holding of, [63];
• the sufferings of, [62];
• Enactment of Congress regarding the Importation of, [61];
• the Rights of, [265];
• the Education of, [294].
• Smith, John, [23].
• Southern States recognized as a belligerent Power by England, [279].
• Spain, Dominions of, in the West, [465], [488], [489], [495], [496], [499].
• Spain, her Treaty with America against England, [120].
• Springfield, Burial-place of President Lincoln, [258].
• Stamp Act, The, [72], [86], [87].
• Staten Island, [108].
• States, The Secession, [197], [208].
• St. Domingo, [60], [507].
• Stephens, Alexander H, [202].
• St. John, Island of, [341].
• St. Lawrence, Discovery of the, [314].
• Stuart, George H., [268].
• Stuyvesant, Petrus, [49].
• St. Vincent, Island of, [121].
• Subjects, English and American, The Law relating to, [142].
• Sumner, Charles, [191].
• Taxation, American, [284], and note.
• Taxation in Canada, [430].
• Taxes imposed on the Americans by the English Parliament, [85], [88].
• Taylor, General, [174].
• Tiascalans, Overthrow of the, [444].
• Ticonderoga, Capture of, [362].
• Tobacco, [26], [190].
• Townshend, Charles, [88].
• Trent, British Mail-Steamer, boarded by the Americans, [279].
• Trenton, [110].
• Tripoli, Expedition against, [140].
• Union Bill, The Canadian, [387].
• United States, The, [54], [81], [133], [137], [152], [182], [273].
• Valley Forge, [116].
• Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, [440].
• Venezuela, the Confederation of, [500];
• the State of, [514], [515].
• Verazzani, John, [313].
• Vicksburg, Reduction of, [232], [233].
• Virginia, [54], [65], [74], [81], [96], [127], [160], [184], [212], [251], [337].
• Virginia, Iron-clad Frigate, [220].
• Wall Street, [49].
• Walpole, Sir Robert, [54], [85].
• Washington, Capital of the Union, capture of, by the British, [149];
• threatened by the Confederates, [211], [228].
• Washington, George, [68-70], [74], [75], [92], [93], [100], [101], [102], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [116], [121], [122], [125], [128], [130], [131], [134], [138], [140], [159].
• Watt, James, [155].
• Wesley, Charles, [56].
• Wesley, John, [56].
• West Point, [123].
• Whitefield, George, [57].
• Whitney, Eli, Inventor of Cotton-Gin, [155].
• Wilderness, Federal Disaster in the, [234].
• William, Prince of Orange, [30].
• Williams, Roger, [38];
• his Views on Religious Toleration, [39];
• President of Rhode Island, [40].
• Winnipeg Valley, [421], [422].
• Wolfe, General, [78], [343-346].
• Wolseley, Sir Garnet, Expedition to the Red River, [418].
• York, Duke of, [66].
• Yorktown, [127], [219].