Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings or Crannogs / With a supplementary chapter on remains of lake-dwellings in England

by Robert Munro

INDEX.

• Abinger, Lord, on a structure of timbers in Loch Torlundie, [52].
• Achilty, Loch of, artificial island in, [32].
• Achray, Loch, [247].
• Aedilfrid, conquers Deira, [257].
• Aeduin, [257].
• Agnew, R. Vans, Esq., [49], [183].
• Agricola, [249], [250], [251].
• Agricultural implements, [119].
• Aidan, king of Scots, [257].
• Aiton, Mr., on trees buried in moss, [265], [266].
• Alclyde, besieged by Olaf the White, [258].
• Allen, J. Romilly, Esq., note on padlocks, [226].
• Alpin invades Galloway, [258].
• Amazons, pile-buildings at mouths of, [4].
• Amber, bead of, [48].
• Anderson, Dr. Joseph, on fylfot, [132].
• —— on jet ornament, [313].
• —— on Lochlee crannog, [69], [71], [136].
• —— on stone discs used as mirrors, [172].
• —— Orkneyinga Saga referred to by, [143].
• Angus, king of Picts, [258].
• Anstruther, Mrs., [207], [271].
• Antiquarian discoveries, scientific value of, [240].
• Antlers, [26], [60], [113].
• Antrim, crannog in county of, [7].
• Anvil, [104].
• Appendix, [305].
• Apples, remains of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Archæological Association of Ayrshire and Wigtownshire, [67].
• Archæology, prehistoric sphere of, [1].
• Ard, Loch, [246].
• Ardakillen, crannog of, [279].
• Ardderyd, battle of, [257].
• Arisaig, stockaded remains in loch at, [51].
• Armlets, [42], [59], [138], [160], [161], [174], [178], [232].
• Arrow-heads, [35], [225].
• Arthur, Loch, canoe found in, [61].
• Artificial islands, composed of stones and earth, [242].
• —— found nearly all over Scotland, [276].
• Artiodactyles, [140].
• Ass, remains of, [294].
• Axe-hammer head of stone, [156].
• Axe-heads, [35], [46], [221].
• Awls, [124], [175], [224].
• Backgammon, game of, [25].
• Balfour, Professor Bayley, on flora of Lochlee crannog, [144].
• Balgone, brass vessels and other remains found in marsh at, [248].
• Ballinderry, crannog of, [9].
• —— comb from, [278].
• Ballynahuish, Castle of, [10].
• Banchory, isle and loch of, [16].
• Barhapple Loch, crannog in, [182].
• Barley, remains of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [13].
• Barlockhart Loch, [56], [247].
• Barneallzie Loch, [247].
• Barton Mere, pile-structures and osseous remains in, [298].
• Battleknowes, square camp at, [245].
• Baxter, Mr., [161], [163].
• Beads, [42], [48], [137], [178], [232], [312].
• Bell, St. Ternan's, [27].
• Bienne, Lake of, [12], [15].
• Birch, Mr., on remains in Wretham Mere, [290].
• Bischoff, [89].
• Blackberries, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Black Loch, or Loch Inch-Cryndil, [57].
• Blackley, J. T., [29].
• Blackwood, Mr. James, [82], [91], [93].
• Blairgowrie, loch at, [247].
• Blake, Mr. Carter, on remains at London Wall, [294].
• —— on genus Bos, [296].
• Boar, remains of, [24], [50], [74], [139], [147], [182], [236], [295], [298].
• Board of wood with markings, [94].
• Boat, flat-bottomed in Loch Leys, [26].
• Boats, clinker-built, [53].
• Bodenmais, vivianites found at, [89].
• Bodkin of horn, [116].
• Bodle, copper, [60].
• Boece, quoted by Maitland, [33].
• Boghall, Loch of, [30].
• Bone objects, [77], [81], [88], [111], [175], [176], [216], [217], [294], [300].
• Borgue, fort at, surrounded by water, [246].
• Borland, Mr. John, [88], [232].
• Borneo, pile-buildings at, [4].
• Borness Cave, [285].
• Bos longifrons, [50], [139], [237], [294], [295], [296], [297], [299].
• —— frontosus, primigenius, and trochoceros, [296].
• Bowls of wood, [117], [221].
• Box, wooden, [43].
• Boynton, Mr. Thos., on remains of lake-dwellings at Holderness, [300].
• Brand, Loch of, [30].
• Brass, articles made of, [28], [31], [125], [129], [177], [228], [248]. See Bronze.
• —— vessels at Balgone, [248].
• Bridle bit, [95], [132].
• British lake-dwellings, [289].
• Britons and Scots defeated by Angles of Bernicia, [257].
• Britons of Strathclyde subdued by Angles, [258].
• Broch of Burrian, combs from, [278].
• Bronze, articles made of, [24], [25], [26], [29], [30], [38], [40], [41], [42], [44], [45], [46], [59], [65], [67], [95], [129], [132], [177], [245], [293], [311], [312].
• —— vessels found in canoe, [65].
• —— —— in Loch of Leys, [26].
• Brooch, bronze, [41], [46], [49], [129], [228].
• Brora, Loch of, [247].
• Brown, Mr. James, on discovery of Lochlee crannog, [69].
• Bunbury, Sir Charles, on remains in Wretham Mere, [290].
• Bunodont, [140].
• Burnett, Sir James Horn, [26].
• Burns, the poet, at Lochlee, [68].
• Burton, Captain R. F., on lake-villages, [4].
• Buston crannog, article on, [190].
• —— discovery of, [190].
• —— general view of, [196].
• —— log pavement in, [198].
• Buston crannog, method of excavating, [193].
• —— miscellaneous objects from, [232].
• —— refuse-heap at, [204].
• —— relics found on, description of, [210].
• —— remains of dwelling-house at, [199].
• —— report on osseous remains from, [236].
• —— structure of, [195].
• —— view of eastern portion of, [201].
• —— view of north side, [202].
• —— Loch, increase of silt in, [270].
• Bute, crannogs in, [17].
• Button, object like a, [234].
• —— object of jet like a, [138].
• —— of brass, [228].
• Cæsar on climate of Britain, [264].
• Caldron found in Carlingwark Loch, [29].
• Caledonii and Mæatæ, [252].
• Caliga, at London Wall, [293], [294].
• Cameron, Captain, on lake-villages in Africa, [4].
• Campbell, Farquhard, Esq., [53].
• Camp-kettles, [67], [245].
• Canmor, Loch of, [16], [21].
• Canmore, Malcolm, [20], [21].
• Cannel coal, ring of, [183], [186].
• Canoe, or Canoes, [9], [12], [23], [26], [31], [35], [37], [41], [42], [43], [49], [53], [61], [65], [97], [122], [123], [153], [156], [160], [206], [245], [279].
• —— associated with crannogs, [279].
• Carlingwark Loch, [28], [246].
• Carved wood, [133].
• Cassius, Dion, on climate of Britain, [264].
• Castle Kennedy, [60].
• —— Loch, [247].
• Castletown, [247].
• Castles, wooden, [18].
• Cats, remains of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [13].
• Causeway to Greenknowe, [31].
• —— zigzag in Loch of Sanquhar, [36].
• —— in Loch Dowalton, [40].
• —— in Kielziebar Loch, [51].
• —— laid upon oak-trees, [53].
• —— in Loch Rannoch, [31].
• —— to crannogs in Wigtownshire, [56].
• —— stone, [18], [20], [29], [60], [65], [245], [247].
• Caves, objects from, [285].
• Celt, polished stone, [77], [105].
• —— stone and bronze, [10].
• Chalmers, George, Esq., [17], [18].
• Chalmers, George, Esq., on colonisation of Galloway, [248].
• —— on Galloway Picts, [257].
• Chambers's Encyclopædia, [19].
• Chisels, [77], [111], [123], [161], [175].
• Chlorus Constantius, [253].
• Christianity introduced into Scotland from two sources, [257].
• Chronological indications derived from relics, [275].
• Circular stone implement, [105].
• Clans, Loch of the, [33].
• Classification of lake-dwellings, [242].
• Cleland, Professor, on osseous remains at Buston, [236].
• Climate, supposed change in, [264].
• Cloonfinlough, crannog of, [279].
• Closeburn Castle, remains at, [245], [280].
• Cloth manufactured in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Clubs, [113], [117], [176].
• Clunie, Loch of, [246].
• Cochran-Patrick, R. W., Esq., at the investigation of crannog at Barhapple Loch, [183].
• —— on Buston crannog, [193], [231].
• —— on objects found in Loch of Kilbirnie, [65].
• —— on Lochlee crannog, [69], [71], [76], [104].
• —— on Lochspouts crannog, [160], [161].
• Cockle-shells, [34], [295].
• Coin, copper, [60];
• gold, [231];
• silver, [246].
• Coins at London Wall, [293].
• —— in Victoria Cave, [285].
• Collessie, Castle of, [245].
• Combs, [217], [218].
• —— of bone, [278].
• —— double-margined, [59].
• —— from Ireland, [279].
• —— wooden, [55].
• Compass, article supposed to be a, [226].
• Cooke, Dr. M. C., [145].
• Copper, objects made of, [60], [137], [245], [293].
• Corn (winter), absence of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Corncockle, curious wooden structure in moss at, [245].
• Cot, Loch, remains in, [32].
• Coulter, Mr., on crannog in Ballydoolough, [8].
• Counties, lake-dwellings in, [245].
• Craig, Mr. James, [91].
• Craignarget, sculptured stone at, [131].
• Crannog, etymology of, [5].
• —— at Arisaig, [51].
• —— at Barhapple, [182].
• —— Barlockhart, [56].
• —— Buston, [190].
• —— at Friars' Carse, [152].
• —— at Lochlee, [67].
• —— at Tolsta, [60].
• —— in Dhu-Loch, [17].
• —— in Llangorse, [296].
• —— in Loch-an-eilan, [22].
• —— Loch of Forfar, [20].
• —— Lochindorb, [21], [287].
• —— Loch Inch-Cryndil, [59].
• —— Loch Canmor or Kinnord, [21].
• —— Loch of Leys, [26].
• —— Loch of Kilbirnie, [62].
• —— Lochspouts, [158].
• —— Machermore Loch, [56].
• Crannogs in Buteshire, [17].
• —— in Wigtownshire, [55], [182], [247].
• —— of Dunshaughlin, Cloonfinlough, and Strokestown, [9], [127], [279].
• —— Irish, [5].
• —— —— antiquity of, [10].
• —— Scottish, used as places of refuge, [187], [261].
• —— —— Dr. Robertson's views on, [19].
• —— structure of, [259].
• —— —— resembles that of fascine dwellings, [13].
• —— See Lake-dwellings and Lochs.
• Crannough Macknavin, [10].
• Cranokis, [19].
• Croix gammée, [131].
• Cross, Greek form of, [55].
• Croy, parish of, remains of crannog in, [31].
• Crucibles, [45], [138], [235], [277].
• Crystal quartz, [214], [311].
• Crystals of vivianite, [88], [123], [143], [204].
• Cue, or pigtail, [95], [136].
• Culter, parish of, remains of crannog in, [30].
• Cumbria ceded to Scots, [259].
• Cumming, Mr. Alexander, [49].
• Cuninghame, Sir W. J. M., [161].
• Cup-marked stones, [108], [212], [213].
• Daggers, [28], [94], [95], [115], [125], [177], [220].
• Dalrymple, Charles E., Esq., [57].
• —— Hon. Hugh, [183].
• Dalrymple-Hay, Admiral Sir John C., [183].
• Danish and Norwegian pirates, [258].
• Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on relics from Victoria Cave, [285].
• —— on animal remains from Llangorse, [297].
• —— on pile-structures in bronze age, [298].
• Dawstone, [257].
• Deer, red, remains of, [11], [24], [26], [60], [113], [142], [176], [182], [219], [236], [248], [290], [295], [296], [297], [298], [299], [300].
• —— roe, [116], [142], [176], [182], [219], [236], [296], [298], [299].
• —— fallow, [299].
• Dhu-Loch, crannog in, [17].
• Diagram of excavations of Lochlee crannog, [75].
• Dog, remains of, [13], [295], [298], [299].
• Dolay, Loch of, [247].
• Dowalton Loch, crannogs in, [38].
• Drummond, Mr., [127].
• Dumbleton, Rev. Mr., on crannog in Llangorse Lake, [296].
• Dunlop, Mr. Robert, on gold coin, [230].
• Duns, Professor, [32], [127].
• Dunshauglilin, crannog of, [7], 9, 279.
• Eadberct adds Ayrshire to his Galloway possessions, [258].
• Early iron age, [127].
• Earn, Loch, [246].
• Eegfrid, king of Northumbria, [258].
• Edward I. visits Lochindorb, [21].
• Edward III., [21].
• Eglinton, the Earl of, [190], [193], [194].
• Eldrig, Loch, [247].
• Ellan-na-glach, [246].
• Elm, [30], [145], [296].
• Elytra, [139].
• Encyclopædia, Chambers's, [19].
• —— Britannica, [20].
• England, lake-dwellings in, [289].
• English lake-dwellings, Prof. T. Rupert Jones on, [298].
• —— animal remains found in, [299].
• Ephesus, topographical changes at, [270].
• Etive, Loch, [54].
• Evans, J., Esq., on gold coin, [231], [287].
• Ewer lion, found in Kilbirnie Loch, [66].
• Fascine structures, [12], [13].
• Fascine dwellings, structural resemblance between them and Irish and Scottish crannogs, [13].
• Fasnacloich, artificial island at, [245].
• Fauna of Lochlee crannog, [139].
• Federatt, Castle of, [245].
• Fell Loch, [247].
• Fergus Loch, [246].
• Fergusson, Sir Charles Dalrymple, [162].
• —— Sir James, [158], [161], [305].
• Fermanagh, crannogs of, [6].
• Ferrules, [125], [226].
• Fibulæ, [88], [129].
• Files, [226].
• Finger-rings, [132], [228], [312].
• Fir Island, [29].
• Fish, remains of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [13].
• —— without fins in Loch Lomond, [33].
• Fisher, W. W., Esq., on vivianites, [143].
• Flakes, flint, [35], [52], [109], [214], [299].
• Flemington, Loch of, [35].
• Flint cores, [214], [301].
• —— implements, [35], [52], [88], [108], [174], [214], [299].
• Flora of Lochlee crannog, [144].
• Food, kind of, used by lake-dwellers, [13], [283].
• Ford, paved, [56].
• Fordun, on island in Loch Cannor, [22].
• Forest trees in bogs, [265].
• Forfar, Loch of, crannog in, [20].
• Forge iron, [29].
• Founders of Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Fowl, domestic, absence of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• —— unknown to the Greeks till time of Pericles, [14].
• Franks, Mr., on pottery at London Wall, [293].
• Freuchie, Loch, [247].
• Friars' Carse, notes of a crannog at, [152].
• Fringe-like objects, [78], [88], [95], [133], [145].
• Fullah, Loch, [247].
• Funnel-shaped holes in stones, [170].
• Fuschl, Lake of, [13].
• Fylfot, [131].
• Galloway, Picts of, [256].
• Gangway, [18], [87], [99], [165], [183], [263], [308].
• Gas, marsh, [89].
• Geographical distribution of lake-dwellings, [242].
• Gibson, Master Alexander, [49].
• Gillespie, Rev. James, [61].
• Gillon, Captain, discoveries at Lochlee by, [105], [126].
• Glass, [49], [59], [233].
• —— objects made of, [42], [48], [59], [137], [178], [232], [312].
• —— Loch, [247].
• Goats, remains of, [13], [50], [78], [295], [296].
• Gold, dagger plated with, [28].
• —— coin, at Buston, [231].
• —— finger-rings, [228].
• Gordon, Mr. Samuel, [29].
• Gouges, [123], [222].
• Granech, Loch, [247].
• Greek cross, [55].
• Green Knowe, [30].
• Greenwell, Canon, on sepulchral and domestic vessels, [281].
• Grierson, Dr., [36], [153], [156].
• Grigor, Dr., on crannog in Loch of the Clans, [33].
• Grindstone, [211], [301].
• Grose, Antiquities of Scotland, by, [155], [280].
• Gynag, Loch, [246].
• Hadrian, Emperor, visits Britain, [251].
• Hammer-stones, [78], [98], [102], [161], [169], [185], [210], [301], [311].
• Hammers, iron, [41], [47].
• Handles of horn or bone, [113], [116], [123], [175], [176], [220].
• Hare, remains of, [298].
• Hatchet, iron, [95], [127], [293].
• Hay, Mr. Robert, [190].
• Hearths, [75], [78], [155], [165], [184], [200].
• Heating-stones, [103].
• Hemp, absence of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Hemsworth, Mr., [8].
• Henderson, Mr. William, C.E., [306].
• Herodian on natives of North Britain, [264].
• Herodotus on Lake Prasias, [3].
• Heron, Loch, [247].
• Hippocrates on lake-dwellings, [3].
• Historical phenomena associated with the lake-dwelling area, [249].
• Historical statements on climate, [264].
• Hobkirk, Mr., [145].
• Hobnails, [293].
• Hoe, wooden, [117].
• Hoffman, [88].
• Holderness, pile structures at, [300].
• Hone-stone. See Whetstones.
• Hopson, Mr., [161].
• Horn, objects made of, [60], [74], [78], [81], [113], [123], [161], [167], [219].
• Horse eaten by Pagans, [297].
• —— remains of, [13], [142], [294], [296], [297], [298].
• Hunter-Weston, Col., [161].
• —— on fylfot, [131].
• Huts, kind of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Hypothesis on origin of Scottish lake-dwellings, [302].
• Ibex of the Pyrenees, [296].
• Inch-Cryndil, Loch of, [57].
• Increase of lake silt at Buston and Lochlee, [270].
• Innes, Cosmo, on destruction of ancient forests, [268].
• Insect cases, [139].
• Iona burned by Norsemen, [258].
• Irish crannogs, articles found on, [9].
• —— —— and fascine structures, [13].
• Iron, articles made of, [29], [30], [35], [41], [46], [47], [87], [88], [95], [96], [123], [126], [177], [293].
• —— age, [127].
• —— slag, [41], [48], [214].
• Island, floating, in Loch Lomond, [33].
• Islands in Highland lakes, [242].
• Isle of Loch of Banchory, [16], [26].
• —— of Loch Canmor, [16].
• Jamieson, Dr., [21].
• Jardine, Sir W., [38].
• Jars, handles of, [157].
• Jet or lignite, objects made of, [138], [174], [185], [186], [232], [311], [312].
• Jones, Prof. T. Rupert, on English lake-dwellings, [298].
• —— Rev. Harry, on remains at Barton Mere, [298].
• Keller, Dr. Ferdinand, on Swiss lake-dwellings, [11], [14], [15].
• Kennedy, Mr. Thomas, [91].
• Kenneth MʽAlpine, [258].
• Key (bronze) from Lochspouts crannog, [177].
• Keys in York Museum, [178].
• Kielziebar Loch, island in, [50].
• Kilbirnie, Loch of, crannog in, [62].
• Kilchoman, island in loch at, [245].
• Kilmarnock, Town Council of, [91].
• —— Philosophical Society of, donation from, [91].
• Kilwinning, Monastery of, [30].
• Kinahan, G. H., Esq., on Irish crannogs, [8], [10].
• Kinder, Loch of, artificial island in, [28].
• Kinellan, Loch of, artificial island in, [32].
• King, Captain C. Cooper, [299].
• Kinnaird, Loch of, [247].
• Kinord, Loch of, [21].
• Kitchen-middens at London Wall, [294].
• Knife, flint, [214].
• Knives, metal, [77], [96], [123], [222], [236], [293].
• Knob of pottery, [235].
• Knobs of bone, [216].
• Knocking-stones, [60].
• Knowe Green, [30].
• —— Saverough, comb from, [278].
• —— Swan, at Buston, [190].
• Knox, James, Esq., [17], [18].
• Kyloe, Highland, [50].
• Ladles, [117], [185].
• Laggan, Loch, [246].
• Lake Fuschl, [13].
• —— Ledaig and Lochnell, [53].
• —— of Bienne, [15].
• —— of Neuchâtel, [15].
• —— of Rothiemurchus, [246].
• —— of Zürich, [11].
• Lake-dwellings at Singapore, [4].
• —— classification of, [242].
• —— collateral phenomena that help to determine age of, [241].
• —— Continental, [11].
• —— —— chronological range of, [14].
• —— in Africa, [4].
• —— in South America, [4].
• —— in England, [289].
• —— —— concluding remarks on, [302].
• —— on shores of Gulf of Maracaibo, [3].
• —— plan of structure in Switzerland, [12].
• —— Scottish, geographical distribution of, [242].
• Lake-dwellings, Scottish, historical and traditional phenomena associated with their area of distribution, [249].
• —— peculiar to Celtic districts, [248].
• —— relative distribution among the four ancient kingdoms of Scotland, [248].
• —— relics from, do not point to a Saxon but to a Celtic origin, [277].
• —— —— similar to those from other Celtic antiquities, [278].
• —— subsidence of, [272].
• —— topographical changes in area of, [264].
• Landsborough, Rev. David, [152].
• —— discovers vivianites in bones, [88].
• Lane Fox, General, on pile-buildings at London Wall, [291].
• Late Celtic period, [127].
• Lawrie, Mr., views of Buston crannog by, [196], [201], [202].
• Lawson, Mr. J., [162].
• Lead, knob of, [133].
• —— spindle whorl of, [312].
• Leather, objects of, [14], [49], [94], [136], [233], [293], [297].
• —— implement for dressing, [293].
• Ledaig, lake-dwelling at, [53].
• Lee, J. E., Esq., F.G.S., [141].
• Leys, Loch of, [25].
• Liddle, Peter, Esq., on crannog at Tolsta, [60].
• Lignite. See Jet.
• Limerick, Bishop of, on fylfot, [131].
• Lindenschmit, Prof., on bone skates, [294].
• Lion ewer, from Kilbirnie Loch, [66].
• Llangorse Lake, crannog in, [296].
• Lochs, artificial remains found in:—
• Loch Achray, [247].
• —— Loch-an-eilan, [22].
• —— Ard, [246].
• —— Arthur, [61].
• —— Banchory, [16].
• —— Barlockhart, [247].
• —— Barean, [37].
• —— Barneallzie, [247].
• —— Black, [57].
• —— Brand or Boghall, [30].
• —— Brora, [247].
• —— Canmor, [16], [21].
• —— Carlingwark, [28], [246].
• —— Castle, [247].
• —— Cluny, [246].
• —— Cot, [32].
• —— Dolay, [247].
• —— Doon, canoes found in, and castle in, [245].
• —— Dowalton, [38].
• —— Earn, [246].
• —— Eldrig, [247].
• —— Etive, [54].
• —— Fell, [247].
• —— Fergus, [246].
• —— Freuchie, [247].
• —— Fullah, [247].
• —— Glass, [247].
• —— Granech, [247].
• —— Gynag, [246].
• —— in Blairgowrie, [247].
• —— Heron, [247].
• —— Inch-Cryndil, [57].
• —— Kielziebar, [50].
• —— Kinder, [28].
• —— Kinnaird, [247].
• —— Laggan, [246].
• —— Loch in Dunty, [35].
• —— Lochmaben, [32].
• —— Lochy, [32].
• —— Lomond, [33].
• —— Lotus or Arthur, [61].
• —— Machermore, [247].
• —— Mochrum, [247].
• —— Morall, [246].
• —— Na Mial, [53].
• —— of Achilty, [32].
• —— of Boghall, [30].
• —— of the Clans, [33].
• —— of Flemington, [35].
• —— of Kilbirnie, [62].
• —— of Kinellan, [32].
• —— of Leys, [25].
• —— of Monivaird, [267].
• —— of Moy, [246].
• —— of Rescobie, [246].
• —— Orr, [245].
• —— Owel, [9].
• —— Quien, [18].
• —— Rannoch, [31].
• —— Sanquhar, [36].
• —— Shin, [247].
• —— Spinie, [30], [246].
• —— Sunonness, [247].
• —— Tay, [247].
• —— Torlundie, [52].
• —— Tummell, [246].
• —— Vennachar, [247].
• —— Winnoch, castle in, and canoes found in, [245].
• —— Yetholm, [247].
• —— See Tabular Statement, page [245].
• Lochlee crannog, article on, [68].
• —— character of wood-work, [147].
• —— composition of silt in bed of lake, [151].
• —— concluding remarks on, [146].
• —— discovery of, [68].
• —— excavations of, [71].
• —— fauna of, [139].
• —— flora of, [144].
• —— gangway, [99].
• —— hearths, [75], [77], [79].
• —— increase of silt in Loch, [271].
• —— level of Loch of, [168].
• —— log-pavement of, [82].
• —— position of relics and composition of relic bed, [78].
• —— relics from, [101].
• —— —— deposited in Burns's Museum, Kilmarnock, [151].
• —— structure of island, [97].
• Lochindorb, crannog of, [21].
• Lochy, crannog in Loch, [32].
• Lochmaben, remains in, [32].
• Lochnell, lake-dwelling at, [53].
• Lochrutton, island in, [28].
• Lochspouts crannog, article on, [158].
• —— area of, [162].
• —— articles found in stuff formerly removed off mound, [311].
• —— beams found below log-pavement, [307].
• —— composition of mound, [166].
• —— deeper structures of island, [308].
• —— gangway, [165], [308].
• —— hearths, [165].
• —— investigations of, [161].
• —— log-pavement of, [163].
• —— organic remains at, [181].
• —— outlet of loch at, deepened, [306].
• —— relics from, [168].
• —— —— found below upper log-pavement, [309].
• —— report of additional discoveries at, [305].
• Lochspouts crannog, subsidence of, [167].
• Lock, bolt of, from drained loch in parish of Croy, [31].
• —— —— from Buston crannog, [226].
• Lockwood, Castle of, [245].
• Log pavement, [62], [82], [153], [163], [186], [198], [205].
• Lomond, crannog in Loch, [33].
• London Wall, pile structures at, [291].
• Lotus, Loch of, [61].
• Lough at Friars' Carse, [155].
• Lough Nahineb, [11].
• —— Rea, crannogs of, [8], [10].
• Lovaine, Lord, on crannogs in Dowalton Loch, [38].
• Love, Robert, Esq., on crannog in Loch of Kilbirnie, [62].
• Lubbock, Sir John, on Swiss lake-dwellings, [15].
• Macdonald, Dr., [71], [79], [161].
• MacFadzean, Mr. James, on lake-dwellings in Lochspouts, [159].
• Machermore, Loch of, [56], [247].
• Mackinlay, Mr. John, on crannogs in Buteshire, [17].
• Macknavin, crannough of, [10].
• MacMahon, country of, [10].
• Mæatæ and Caledonii, [252].
• Malacca, Straits of, [4].
• Mallet, iron, in Carlingwark Loch, [29].
• —— wooden, [117].
• Mapleton, Rev. R. J., on artificial island in Loch Kielziebar, [50].
• —— —— on loch at Arisaig, [51].
• Maracaibo, Gulf of, [3].
• Margaret, Queen, Inch of, [20].
• Mathewson, Mr. James, notes on Lochspouts crannog, [306].
• Maxwell, Sir Herbert E., [183].
• —— Sir William, [39], [43].
• MʽCulloch, James, [187].
• MʽNaught, Mr. D., on the discovery of Buston crannog, [190].
• MʽPherson on coble-built boats, [23].
• Mirrors, [172], [293].
• Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, [287], [313].
• Mohrya, lake-villages in, [4].
• Mondsee, Austria, [13].
• Monivaird, Loch of, [247].
• Mons Grampius, battle of, [251].
• Montelius, M. Oscar, on croix gammée, [131].
• Morall, Loch of, [246].
• Morton, canoe and copper vessels found at, [245].
• —— old castle at, [245].
• Moulin, castle and causeway at, [247].
• Mountblairy, Castle of, [246].
• Moy, Loch of, [246].
• Mull, artificial island of, [53].
• Museum, Belfast, [230].
• —— Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, [5], [9], [11], [127], [223], [230].
• —— Edinburgh National, [26], [30], [43], [49], [57], [59], [105], [126], [131], [248].
• —— Kilmarnock, Burns's, [127], [151].
• —— Oxford, [143], [151].
• —— York, [127], [178].
• —— Zürich, [70].
• Mussel-shells, [60], [294], [295].
• Nahineb, Lough of, [11].
• Nails, iron, [7], [64], [124], [226].
• Na Mial, Loch of, [53].
• Nathusius, [140].
• Nature's method of counting time, [270].
• Needles, [112], [216].
• Nelson, Thomas, Esq., [154].
• Neuchâtel, Lake of, [15].
• Neville, Hon. R. Cornwallis, [227].
• New Guinea, pile-buildings of, [4].
• Newton Stone, inscription on, [131].
• Nicholson, Cornelius, [132].
• North Britain, four kingdoms of, [256].
• —— Britons, manners of, [250], [251], [252], [264], [286].
• Norwegian and Danish pirates, [258].
• Nuts, hazel, [14], [52], [78], [146], [167], [283], [301], [307].
• Oar, [48], [96], [123], [156], [210].
• Ober Meilen, [11].
• Ogham, characters of, [132],
• Orinoco, pile-buildings at mouths of, [4].
• Orkneyinga Saga, [143].
• Ornamentation on Combs, [218].
• Orr Loch, [245].
• Osseous remains at Buston, [236].
• —— at Dowalton, [50].
• —— at Holderness, [300].
• —— at Llangorse, [297].
• —— at Lochlee, [139].
• —— at Lochspouts, [181].
• Osseous remains at London Wall, [295].
• —— from crannogs, inferences from, [283].
• Oval stone implements, [56], [173].
• Owel, Loch, canoe found in, [9].
• Owen, Prof., on osseous remains at Dowalton, [50].
• —— —— at London Wall, [294], [295].
• Ox, remains of, [13], [24], [50], [139], [182], [237], [294]-[299].
• Oyster-shells, [294], [295].
• Paddle. See Oar.
• Padlock, bolt of, [225].
• Palmer, Dr. S., [299].
• Pan, brass, [28].
• —— bronze, [40], [41].
• Patella, Roman, [45].
• Pears, remains of, [14].
• Pebbles, [74], [171].
• Peel Bog, wooden castle in, [245].
• Percy, Lord, [39], [42].
• Periwinkle, [295].
• Phasis, people of, [3].
• Philosophical Society of Kilmarnock, [91].
• Pick of deer-horn, [176].
• Pick-axe, iron, [129].
• Picts, kingdom of, [257].
• Picts of Galloway, [256].
• Pig, remains of, [13], [24], [50], [74], [139], [182], [236], [295]-[299].
• Pigments, [139].
• Pigtail or cue, [95], [134].
• Pile structures at Holderness, [299].
• —— at London Wall, [291].
• —— at Southwark, [296].
• —— in Barton Mere, [298].
• Pins of bone, [175], [215].
• —— of bronze, [130], [228], [293].
• —— of copper, [293].
• —— wooden, [117], [206].
• Plates, [117].
• Platforms, [54], [58], [72], [86], [183].
• —— structure of, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [12].
• Plums, remains of, [14].
• Polished stone discs, [172].
• —— disc of pyrites, [293].
• Polishers, of stone, [158], [169], [210].
• Portland, his Grace the Duke of, [69], [91].
• Pots, bronze, [24], [25], [38], [45], [67].
• —— of bronze or brass, [248], [249].
• Potteries, pieces of, found in drained lake in parish of Croy, [31].
• Pottery at Buston, [233], [236].
• —— at Lochlee, [138].
• —— at Lochspouts, [178].
• —— at London Wall, [293].
• —— bit of, from Loch of the Clans, [34].
• —— British, [301].
• —— glazed, [296].
• —— in Barton Mere, [298].
• —— in crannogs, inferences from, [280].
• —— in Llangorse crannog, [297].
• —— in Wigtownshire, [189].
• —— knob of, [234].
• —— Romano-British, [280].
• —— sepulchral, different from domestic vessels, [281].
• Prasias, dwellers in Lake, [3].
• Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, [67], [229].
• —— Times, [15].
• Preservation of antiquarian objects due to exceptional causes, [2].
• Primeval forests in prehistoric times, [268].
• —— existed when crannogs were constructed, [269].
• Prison Island, description of, [22].
• Pugio or dagger plated with gold, [28].
• Punch of iron, [124], [224].
• Queen Margaret's Inch, [20].
• Querns, [32], [49], [56], [74], [81], [106], [171], [193], [213], [311].
• Quien Loch, remains in, [18].
• Rannoch, Loch, remains in, [31].
• Raspberries, in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Rea, Lough, [8], [10].
• Reeves, Dr., on crannogs in Antrim, [7].
• Refuse-heaps, [88], [194], [204], [294].
• Reid, Mr. Charles, [91], [148].
• Reindeer, remains of, [117], [142], [299].
• Relic-bed at Lochlee crannog, [77].
• Relics from Buston, [210]-[236].
• —— from Dowalton, [43], [50].
• —— from Inch-Cryndil, [59].
• —— from Lochlee, [101]-[139].
• —— from Lochspouts, [168]-[182], [309]-[313].
• —— from Scottish lake-dwellings compared with those on Irish crannogs, [277].
• —— —— not of a warlike character, [282].
• Relics from Scottish lake-dwellings, their discovery almost confined to the counties of Ayr and Wigtown, [276].
• —— —— similar to those in Romano-British towns, [277].
• —— found in Loch of Kilbirnie, [65].
• —— from Wigtownshire crannogs, [56].
• Rescobie, Loch of, [246].
• Reservoir at Lochspouts, [182], [305].
• Ring pin, [131].
• Rings of bronze, [45], [46], [236], [312].
• —— of brass, [31].
• —— of gold, [228], [229], [230].
• —— of horn or bone, [116], [137].
• —— of iron, [126].
• —— jet, cannel coal or lignite, [99], [138], [174], [185], [311].
• —— vitreous paste or glass, [48].
• Robert I., King, [27].
• Robertson, Dr. Joseph, on Scottish crannogs, [16], [19].
• Rock-crystal, ornament of, [311].
• Roe-deer, remains of, [116], [142], [176], [219], [236], [296], [298], [299].
• —— horn implements made of, [116], [177].
• Rolleston, Professor, on osseous remains from Lochlee crannog, [117], [139].
• —— —— —— from Llangorse crannog, [297].
• Roman camp-kettles, [67].
• —— soldiers withdrawn from Britain, [255].
• Ronnecht, [27].
• Ropes in Swiss lake-dwellings, [14].
• Rose, C. B., F.G.S., on remains in English lakes, [299].
• Rothiemurchus, Lake of, [246].
• Saga, Orkneyinga, [143].
• Samian ware, [138], [178], [280], [293], [295].
• Sandals at London Wall, [293].
• Sandhurst, flints found at, [299].
• Sanquhar, remains in Loch of, [36].
• Saucepan from Dowalton, [41].
• Saw, iron, [87], [126].
• Saxon element not indicated by relics from Scottish crannogs, [277].
• Scharley, mine of, [89].
• Schliemann, quoted, on Swastika, [131].
• —— on gold rings at Mycenæ, [230].
• Scots, kingdom of, [257].
• Scottish crannogs, comparison with fascine structures on Continent, [13].
• Scraper, wooden, [119].
• Scrapers of flint, [109], [174], [214].
• Seaforth, family of, [32].
• Semple Castle, [245].
• Severus, Emperor, enters North Britain, [253].
• Sharpening-stones. See Whetstones.
• Shears, [126], [293].
• Sheep, remains of, [13], [50], [60], [78], [141], [238], [299].
• Shells, [60], [139], [164].
• Shin, Loch, [247].
• Shirley, Mr., on Irish crannogs, [10].
• Shoes, [49], [136], [293], [295].
• —— horse, [28].
• Shore Island, [10].
• Silt, increase of, in lochs at Buston and Lochlee, [270].
• Singapore, pile structures at, [4].
• Skates of bone, [294].
• Skeleton of sheep or goat, [78], [79].
• Skene, W. F., Esq., quoted, [252], [253], [255].
• —— on Chalmers's statement as to colonisation of Galloway by Irish in eighth century, [257].
• Skulls, human, at London Wall, [296].
• —— sheep, [78], [79].
• Slag, [41], [48], [200], [214].
• Sling-stones, [103], [211].
• Sloes, remains of, [14].
• Smith, Dr. Angus, on lake-dwellings at Ledaig and Lochnell, [53], [55].
• —— Dr. J. Alexander, quoted, [143].
• Southwark Street, pile structures at, [296].
• Spatula, [131], [175].
• Spear-heads, [94], [116], [125], [176], [224], [294], [298].
• Spindle-whorls, [56], [77], [109], [172], [193], [213], [312].
• Spinie, Loch, remains in, [30].
• Spiral objects, [226].
• Spoons, [34], [112], [185].
• Squirrels, [146], [301].
• St. Columba, apostle of the northern Picts, [257].
• St. Ninian founds a church at Candida Casa, [257].
• St. Ternan, Archbishop of the Picts, [27].
• Stags' heads found in Carlingwark Loch, [28].
• Stair, Earl of, [59], [183].
• —— Field-Marshal the Earl of, [60].
• Stewart, Mr. J. Leveson, [183].
• Stoddart, J. H., Esq., [183].
• Stone, objects made of, [102], [169].
• —— hammer, [25].
• —— implements, with central hollows, [56], [173].
• Stonehouse, farm of, [50].
• Stonykirk, [57].
• Stravithy, fortalice on bog at, [245].
• Strokestown, crannog of, [9].
• Structure of wooden islands, [259].
• Stuart, Dr., on Scottish crannogs, [16], [32], [52], [67], [259].
• —— on crannogs in Loch Dowalton, [38].
• —— on crannog in Loch of Forfar, [20].
• Stylus at London Wall, [293].
• Subsidence of Scottish lake-dwellings, [148], [156], [167], [191], [272].
• Suidæ, [140].
• Summary of observations on Buston crannog, [204].
• Sunonness Loch, remains in, [247].
• Sus. See Pig.
• Suttie, Sir George Grant, [248].
• Swastika, [131].
• Swine, prehistoric, [141].
• Sword, bronze, [30].
• Tabular statement of Scottish lake-dwellings, [244].
• —— value of, [248].
• Tacitus on North Britain, [250], [264].
• Tay, Loch, islands in, [247].
• Theodosius, [255].
• Thomson, Mr. J., F.G.S., [169].
• Three-pronged iron implement, [128].
• Tile, Roman, [293].
• Tines. See Deer.
• Tolsta, crannog of, [60].
• Topographical changes in lake-dwelling area, [264].
• —— —— at Buston since the construction of crannog, [269].
• —— nomenclature of Britain, [287].
• Torlundie, Loch, [52].
• Town-Council of Kilmarnock, [91].
• Trestle-work at Lochlee crannog, [94].
• Tripods of bronze, [24], [245], [248], [249].
• Trough, wooden, [93].
• Troy, [131].
• Tummel, Loch of, [246].
• Turner, F. J., Esq., F.S.A. Scot., [69], [70], [71], [90].
• —— Mr. J. H., [69], [71].
• Tusk, implement made of, [139].
• Tusks. See Boar.
• Tweezers at London Wall, [293].
• Ulpius Marcellus, [252].
• Upchurch pottery at London Wall, [293].
• Urbicus Lollius, [251].
• Uriconium, bone comb from, [279].
• Urn, found near Loch Cot, [32].
• Urns, remains of, [298].
• Vennachar, Loch, [247].
• Vernon, the Hon. G. R., [193].
• Vessels of bronze, [24], [29], [38], [44], [59], [66], [245], [248], [249], [293].
• —— of wood, [74], [80], [81], [88], [93], [118], [177], [185], [221], [310].
• Victoria Cave, [285].
• Vitreous paste, objects of, [48], [232].
• Vivian, Mr., Cornwall, [89].
• —— J. P., Esq., M.P., [183].
• Vivianite, crystals of, [88], [123], [143], [204].
• Wakefield, island of, [10].
• Wakeman, W. F., Esq., quoted, [6].
• —— on pottery of crannogs, [9].
• Walkmill at Lochspouts, [160].
• Wattie, Rev. James, on crannogs in Loch Canmor, [22].
• Wheat found in Swiss lake-dwellings, [13].
• Wheel used in making crannog pottery, [281].
• Whetstones or hones, [35], [44], [49], [104], [127], [170], [185], [211], [310].
• Whorls. See Spindle-whorls.
• Wilde, Sir W. R., quoted, [6], [7], [11].
• —— on antiquity of Irish crannogs, [10].
• —— on crannog at Lagore, [5].
• —— on submergence of Irish crannogs, [275].
• Wilson, Rev. George, on crannogs in Wigtownshire, [55], [183], [247].
• Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, [67], [229].
• Wood, objects made of, [43], [74], [80], [81], [88], [93], [117], [133], [177], [185], [206], [221], [310].
• Wooden islands, structure of, [259], [261].
• —— —— period of, [243].
• Wretham Mere, remains in, [290].
• Wyllie, W. M., Esq., F.S.A., [299].
• Yetholm, Loch of, [247].
• York, Museum at, [127], [178].
• Zürich, remains from lake-dwellings at, [11].

THE END.

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Edinburgh University Press:

THOMAS AND ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE, PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY.

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Works in History and Archæology.

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