[CHAPTER VI.]

REMAINS OF LAKE-DWELLINGS IN ENGLAND.

Sir Charles J. F. Bunbury on remains at Wretham Mere, Norfolk—Pile Structures at London Wall—Crannog in Llangorse Lake, South Wales—Professor Boyd Dawkins on Pile Structures in the Bronze Age—Professor T. Rupert Jones on English Lake-Dwellings—Pile Structures at Holderness, York—Concluding Remarks—Hypothesis as to primary source of the ideas that led to the development of British Lake-Dwellings Pages [289-303]

[APPENDIX.]

Additional Discoveries on the Crannog in Lochspouts,—Lake basin of Lochspouts converted into a reservoir—In consequence of which further excavations made on the site of the Lake-dwelling—Upper Log-Pavement found to be a secondary one superimposed on the débris of a former habitation—Description of Relics found Pages [305-313]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.PAGE
1.Canoe found in Loch Canmor (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. p. 258)[23]
2.Bronze Vessel found in Loch Canmor (Ibid. Pl. xiii.)[24]
3-6.Bronze Vessels found in Loch of Banchory (Ibid. Pl. xiii.)[24-25]
7.Backgammon Piece found in Loch of Forfar (Ibid. Pl. xiii.)[25]
8.General View of the Isle of the Loch of Banchory (Ibid. p. 127)[26]
9.View of the Surface of Crannog of the Loch of Banchory (Ibid. p. 128)[27]
10.Bronze Caldron found in Carlingwark Loch (Ibid. vol. vii. p. 7)[29]
11-13.Bronze Vessels found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs[44-45]
14.Bronze Ring do. do. do.[46]
15.Portion of a Clay Crucible do. do.[46]
16.Bronze Penannular Brooch do. do.[46]
17-18.Iron Axe-Heads do. do.[47]
19.Iron Hammer do. do.[47]
20.Portion of a Ring of Vitreous Paste, streaked with blue, found at Dowalton Loch,
or on Crannogs		[48]
21.Bead, with Central Tube of Bronze, found at Dowalton Loch,
or on Crannogs (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. vi. Pl. x.)		[48]
22-24.Three Beads, of various kinds, found at Dowalton Loch,
or on Crannogs		[48]
25.Portion of a Leather Shoe, with Ornamental Patterns, found
at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs (Proc. Soc. Antiq.
Scot. vol. vi. Pl. x.)		[49]
26.Bronze Brooch or Ornament found at Dowalton Loch, or on
Crannogs (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. iii., New Series, p. 155)		[49]
27.Wooden Comb found on Crannog at Ledaig, Argyllshire
(Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. x. p. 82)		[55]
28.Stone Ring found on a Crannog in Wigtownshire (Proc. Soc.
Antiq. Scot. vol. iii., New Series, p. 268)		[56]
29.Oval hollowed Stone Implement, from Crannog in Machermore
Loch (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. ii., New Series, p. 128)		[56]
30.Bone Comb found on Crannog in Loch Inch-Cryndil[59]
31.Canoe found in Loch Arthur, or Lotus (Proc. Soc. Antiq.
Scot. vol. xi. p. 23)		[61]
32.Lion Ewer (the property of W. J. Armstrong, Esq.) found in
a Canoe in the bottom of the Loch of Kilbirnie (Proc. Soc.
Antiq. Scot. vol. i., New Series, p. 54)		[66]
N.B.—Figs. 33 to 158 are from the Lochlee Crannog.
33-35.Sketches of the Crannog during progress of the excavations[70-73]
36.Mortised Beam, with Portion of an Upright[74]
37.Quartz Pebble, used as an Anvil[74]
38.Diagram illustrating the mode of excavating the Crannog[75]
39.Perpendicular Section through the Hearths[78]
40-42.Sketches of the Crannog during the progress of the excavations[82-84]
43.Portions of an Iron Saw[87]
44.Wooden Vessel (from Photograph by Mr. James Blackwood)[93]
45.Wooden Board, with Markings[94]
46.Iron Hatchet[96]
47.Iron Knife[96]
48-51.Hammer-Stones[102-103]
52-53.Sharpening-Stones[104]
54.Grooved Hone-Stone (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. iii., New Series, p. 248)[105]
55.Polished Stone Celt[106]
56.Circular Stone Implement[106]
57-59.Upper and Lower Quern Stones[107]
60.Cup-Stone, with Concentric Circles[108]
61.Cup-Stone[108]
62.Stone Implement[108]
63.Flint Scraper[109]
64-65.Flint Flakes[109]
66-67.Clay Spindle Whorls[110]
68.Stone Spindle Whorl[110]
69-70.Bone Chisels[111]
71-75.Bone Implements[111]
76.Tiny Bone Spoon[112]
77.Bone Spoon-shaped Object[112]
78.Bone Needle, with Eye in Middle[112]
79-83.Bone Implements[113]
84-85.Horn Club-like Implements[114]
86-99.Horn Implements (various kinds)[114]-[115]-[116]
100.Portion of Horn Handle found along with the Knife engraved Fig. 129[116]
101-104.Portions of Wooden Vessels[118]
105-110.Wooden Clubs, etc[119]
111-115.Specimens of Wooden Pins[120]
116-124.Various Kinds of Wooden Implements[120]-[121]
125.Outline of Canoe[122]
126.Oak Paddle (double-bladed)[123]
127.Iron Gouge[124]
128.Iron Chisel[124]
129.Iron Knife[124]
130.Iron Punch[124]
131-132.Iron Spear-heads[125]
133-135.Iron Daggers[125]-[126]
136.Portion of an Iron Blade[126]
137.Iron Ring, with Portion of Wood attached[126]
138.Iron Shears (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. vol. iii., New Series, p. 247)[128]
139.Iron Implement found imbedded in Lake Silt, near the margin of the Crannog[128]
140-142.Fibulæ[129]
143.Back View of Fibula, represented by Fig. 142[130]
144.Bronze Ring-Pin, with Fylfot on one side of the Head, and a
square divided into four other squares by two diameters
intersecting each other at right angles		[130]
145.Bronze Implement, with sections[130]
146.Bronze Finger-Ring[132]
147.Bronze Object[132]
148.Bridle Bit, partly Bronze and partly Iron[132]
149-150.Piece of Wood, with curious Carvings on both sides[134]-[135]
151.Fringe-like Object made by the Stems of Moss[136]
152.Thick Leather with Copper Nails[137]
153.Grooved Bead with a greenish glaze[137]
154.Small Dumb-bells-shaped Object of Glass[137]
155.Small Bone Ring[137]
156-157.Portions of Jet Armlets[138]
158.Pointed Implement made of a Boar's Tusk[139]
N.B.—Figs. 159 to 161 are from the Crannog at Friars' Carse.
159.Perforated Axe-Hammer Head[156]
160-161.Pottery[157]
N.B.—Figs. 162 to 186 are from the Crannog at Lochspouts.
162-163.Whetstones[170]
164.Piece of Sandstone perforated by a hole shaped like a Funnel on both sides[171]
165.Stone Spindle Whorl[172]
166-167.Polished Stone Discs[172]-[173]
168.Oval Stone Implement with Hollowed Surfaces[173]
169.Flint Scraper[174]
170.Jet Ring[174]
171.Bone Pin[175]
172.Bone Chisel[175]
173.Pick of Deer's Horn[176]
174.Implement of the Horn of a Roe-deer[176]
175.Peculiar Object made of Bronze[177]
176.Small Key made of Bronze or Brass[177]
177.Small yellowish Bead of Vitreous Paste[178]
178-179.Coloured Beads[178]
180.Portion of a Dish of so-called Samian Ware[179]
181-186.Various Specimens of Pottery[179]-[181]
187.Ring of Cannel Coal from Barhapple Crannog[186]
188.General View of Buston Crannog, looking northwards[196]
189.View of Eastern Portion of Buston Crannog, showing surrounding
Stockades and Portion of Log Pavement		[201]
190.Portion of North Side of Buston Crannog, showing the arrangement
of the Transverse Beams and the Structure of the Log Pavement		[202]
191.Appearance of Canoe in situ, a few yards from Buston Crannog[207]
N.B.—Figs. 192 to 254 are from the Buston Crannog.
192.Stone Polisher or Smoother[210]
193.Large perforated and polished Stone-Smoother or Whetstone[211]
194.Piece of Sandstone with two Smooth Cavities—one circular
and the other elongated		[212]
195.Fragment of a Stone, containing a Smooth Cup-shaped Cavity[213]
196-197.Spindle Whorls of Shale[213]
198.Flint Knife (two views)[214]
199.Small Flint Implement, with one edge polished[214]
200.Flint Core[214]
201-212.Various Illustrations of Bone Pins[215]-[216]
213.Bone Needle[216]
214-215Bone Knobs, with Remains of Iron Pins[216]
216.A curious Object, made of Bone[217]
217-219.Bone Combs ornamented with Circles[217]-[218]
220-221.Dagger-like Implements of Horn[220]
222.Knife-Handle of Horn (polished)[220]
223.Axe-Head of Iron (two views)[221]
224.Iron Gouge[222]
225-230.Iron Knives (various specimens)[222]-[223]
231.Iron Punch[224]
232.Iron Awl[224]
233.Iron Spear-Head, with socket end ornamented by circular lines[224]
234-236.Iron Points, like Arrow Heads[225]
237.Bolt of a Spring-Padlock? (iron)[226]
238-239.Spiral Objects made of Iron[227]
240.Iron Object (two views)[227]
241.Bronze Brooch[227]
242-243.Bronze Pins[228]
244.Gold Spiral Finger-Ring, with 51⁄2 Twists, two of which were pushed asunder[229]
245.Gold Spiral Finger-Ring, having 6 twists, and the ends ornamented
by a Series of Circular Grooves		[229]
246.Saxon Coin (showing obverse and reverse sides)[231]
247.Do. from Smith's Coll. for comparison[231]
248.Jet Ornament[232]
249.Bead of Variegated Glass[232]
250.Small Dish of Black Pottery[233]
251.Pottery; Portion of a Dish, showing Rim and Short Spout[234]
252.A Little Knob of Pottery[235]
253.Portion of a Button-like Object[235]
254.Clay Crucible (three-cornered)[235]
255.Bone Comb, from Ballinderry Crannog, Ireland[278]
256.Do. from the Knowe of Saverough, Orkney[278]
257-258.Bone Combs found in the Broch of Burrian, Orkney[278]
259.Bone Comb, from the Roman City of Uriconium[279]
N.B.—Figs. 260 to 264 are from the Crannog in Lochspouts.
260.Bronze Ornament[311]
261.Outline of Conical Ornament made of Rock-Crystal[311]
262.Bronze Ornament[312]
263.Amber-coloured Glass Bead, variegated with Yellow Slag[312]
264.Jet Ornament[313]

PLATES.