For permission to make use of illustrations in this volume the author’s and publishers’ thanks are due to the several proprietors of The Graphic (for Plates [I]., [XI]., and [XII].)—of The Engineer (for sketch design of the Great Wheel, map and views of the Tower Bridge)—of The Scientific American (map of North Sea Canal); also to Mr. Walter B. Basset (for Plate [V].)—to “The Cassier Magazine Company” (for Edison’s Kinetographic Theatre and the Hotchkiss Gun)—to “The Century Company” (for portrait of M. Tesla, from a photograph by Sarony)—to “The Incandescent Gas Light Company” (for cuts of burners, etc.)—to The Engineering Magazine, and The Engineering News, both of New York—to the Remington Company—to Mr. W. W. Greener, of Birmingham (for cuts of rifles, etc., from his comprehensive book on “The Gun”)—to The Photogram, Limited—to the Proprietors of Nature—to the Linotype Company—and to Captains Hadcock and Lloyd (for illustrations of modern artillery from their great work on the subject).

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Introduction[1]
Steam Engines[3]
THE LOCOMOTIVE[14]
PORTABLE ENGINES[24]
THE STEAM HAMMER[25]
Iron[29]
IRON IN ARCHITECTURE[72]
BIG WHEELS[81]
Tools[85]
THE BLANCHARD LATHE[96]
SAWING MACHINES[98]
Railways[101]
THE METROPOLITAN RAILWAYS[114]
THE PACIFIC RAILWAY[116]
INCLINED RAILWAYS[125]
Steam Navigation[129]
RIVER AND LAKE STEAMBOATS OF AMERICA[144]
Ships of War[149]
Fire-Arms[169]
THE MILITARY RIFLE[178]
RIFLED CANNON[190]
MACHINE GUNS[218]
Torpedoes[227]
Ship Canals[249]
THE SUEZ CANAL[251]
THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL[262]
THE NORTH SEA CANAL[271]
THE PANAMA AND NICARAGUA CANAL PROJECTS[272]
Iron Bridges[276]
GIRDER BRIDGES[280]
SUSPENSION BRIDGES[284]
CANTILEVER BRIDGES[291]
THE TOWER BRIDGE, LONDON[297]
THE GREAT BROOKLYN BRIDGE[303]
Printing Machines[305]
LETTERPRESS PRINTING[306]
PATTERN PRINTING[321]
Hydraulic Power[324]
Pneumatic Dispatch[340]
Rock Boring[349]
THE MONT CENIS TUNNEL[351]
ROCK-DRILLING MACHINES[355]
THE CHANNEL TUNNEL[364]
THE ST. GOTHARD RAILWAY[371]
Light[380]
SOME PHENOMENA OF LIGHT[382]
VELOCITY OF LIGHT[384]
REFLECTION OF LIGHT[388]
REFRACTION[397]
DOUBLE REFRACTION AND POLARISATION[399]
CAUSE OF LIGHT AND COLOUR[408]
The Spectroscope[416]
CELESTIAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS[436]
Roentgen’s X Rays[445]
Sight[452]
THE EYE[454]
VISUAL IMPRESSIONS[468]
Electricity[481]
ELEMENTARY PHENOMENA OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM[483]
THEORY OF ELECTRICITY[487]
ELECTRIC INDUCTION[488]
DYNAMICAL ELECTRICITY[490]
INDUCED CURRENTS[502]
MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY[507]
THE GRAMME MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE[511]
ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND ELECTRIC POWER[519]
THE NEW ELECTRICITY[538]
The Electric Telegraph[547]
TELEGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS[553]
TELEGRAPHIC LINES[572]
THE TELEPHONE[581]
Lighthouses[593]
Photography[607]
PHOTOGRAPHY IN COLOURS[630]
Printing Processes[632]
STEREOTYPING[632]
LITHOGRAPHY[636]
OTHER PROCESSES[640]
THE LINOTYPE MACHINE[645]
Recording Instruments[653]
THE PHONOGRAPH[665]
Aquaria[675]
THE CRYSTAL PALACE AQUARIUM[677]
THE BRIGHTON AQUARIUM[682]
Gold and Diamonds[687]
GOLD[687]
DIAMONDS[696]
New Metals[714]
India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha[724]
INDIA-RUBBER[724]
GUTTA-PERCHA[728]
Anæsthetics[731]
Explosives[740]
Mineral Combustibles[751]
COAL[751]
PETROLEUM[757]
PARAFFIN[761]
Coal-Gas[764]
Coal-Tar Colours[781]
The Greatest Discovery of the Age[801]
Notes[811]
Index[813]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE
Heading—Rain, Steam, and Speed (after Turner)[1]
1.Portrait of James Watt[3]
2.Newcomen’s Steam Engine[4]
3.Watt’s Double-action Steam Engine[5]
4.Governor and Throttle-Valve[6]
4a.Watt’s Parallel Motion[8]
5.Slide Valve[9]
6.Section of Gifford’s Injector[11]
7.Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge[12]
8.Steam Generator[13]
9.Section of Locomotive[15]
10.Stephenson’s Link Motion[17]
10a.G. N. R. Express Passenger Locomotive[19]
10b.Joy’s Valve Gear[20]
11.Locomotive after Explosion[22]
12.Hancock’s Steam Omnibus[22]
13.Nasmyth’s Steam Hammer[27]
14.Merryweather’s Steam Fire-Engine[28]
15.A Foundry[29]
16.Aerolite in the British Museum[31]
17.Blast Furnace[41]
18.Section and Plan of Blast Furnace (obsolete type)[42]
19.Section of a Reverberatory Furnace[45]
20.Fibrous Fracture of Wrought Iron[47]
21.Cup and Cone[49]
22.Section of Blast Furnace[51]
23.Experiments at Baxter House[58]
24.Bessemer Converter[63]
25.Model of Bessemer Steel Apparatus[65]
26.Section of Regenerative Stoves and Open Hearth[68]
26a.Rolling Mill[71]
26b.The Eiffel Tower in course of construction[73]
26c.The Eiffel Tower[75]
26d.St. Paul Building, N. Y.[77]
26e.Manhattan Insurance Co.’s Building in course of erection[79]
26f.Manhattan Insurance Co.’s Building nearly completed[80]
26g.Original Design for the Great Wheel[82]
27.Portrait of Sir Joseph Whitworth[85]
28.Whitworth’s Screw Dies and Tap[86]
29.Screw-cutting Lathe[87]
30.Whitworth’s Measuring Machine[89]
31.Whitworth’s Drilling Machine[91]
32.Whitworth’s Planing Machine[93]
33.Pair of Whitworth’s Planes or Surface Plates[94]
34.Interior of Engineer’s Workshop[95]
35.Blanchard Lathe[96]
36.Vertical Saw[98]
37.Circular Saw[99]
38.Pit-Saw[100]
39.Box Tunnel[101]
40.Coal-pit, Salop[102]
41.Sankey Viaduct[103]
42.Rails and Cramp-gauge[104]
43.Fish-plate[105]
44.Section of Rails and Fish-plates[106]
45.Conical Wheels[107]
46.Centrifugal Force[107]
47.Points[108]
48.Signal Box on North London Railway[109]
49.Post Office Railway Van[111]
50.Gower Street Station, Metropolitan Railway[115]
51.Map of the Route of Pacific Railway[117]
52.Trestle Bridge[118]
53.American Canyon[119]
54.“Cape Horn”[121]
55.Snow Plough[122]
56.First Steam Railroad Train in America[123]
57.Railway Embankment[124]
57a.Train ascending the Rigi[126]
57b.At the summit of the Rigi[127]
58.The Great Eastern at Anchor[129]
59.Casting Cylinder of a Marine Steam Engine[131]
60.Screw Propeller[132]
61.Section of Great Eastern Amidships[134]
62.The Great Eastern in course of construction[135]
63.The Great Eastern ready for launching[136]
64.Comparative sizes of Steamships[137]
65.The ss. City of Rome[138]
66.The Castalia in Dover Harbour[140]
67.The same—End View[141]
68.Bessemer Steamer[142]
68a.A Whaleback Steamer, No. 85, built at West Superior, Wisconsin[146]
69.H.M.S. Devastation in Queenstown Harbour[149]
70.Section of H.M.S. Hercules[151]
71.Section of H.M.S. Inconstant[153]
72.Section, Elevation and Plan of Turret of H.M.S. Captain[154]
73.H.M.S. Captain[155]
74.Diagram of H.M.S. Captain[158]
75.Ditto[159]
76.H.M.S. Glatton[162]
77.H.M.S. Thunderer[163]
78.The König Wilhelm[165]
78a.The Victoria leaving Newcastle-on-Tyne[166]
78b.Firing at Floating Battery[168]
79.Krupp’s Works at Essen, Prussia[169]
80.Trajectory of a Projectile[174]
81.Diagram for Trajectory of a Projectile[176]
82.Muzzle-loading Musket and Rifles (obsolete patterns)[179]
83.The Minié Bullet[181]
84.Greener’s Expanding Bullet[182]
85.The Chassepot Rifle—Section of the Breech[183]
86.Section of the Martini-Henry Lock[185]
87.The Martini-Henry Rifle[186]
88.The Mannlicher Magazine Rifle[188]
89.The Magazine and Breech of the Mannlicher Rifle[189]
90.32–pounder, 1807[191]
91.Whitworth Rifling and Projectile[193]
92.600–pounder Muzzle-loading Armstrong Gun[194]
93.35–ton Fraser Gun[195]
94.Section of 9–in. Fraser Gun[196]
95.Millwall Shield after being battered with Heavy Shot—Front View[200]
96.Rear View of the Millwall Shield[200]
97.Comparative Sizes of 35 and 81–ton Guns[201]
98.Diagram of Velocities and Pressures[205]
99.Elswick 4·7–in. Q. F. Gun on Pivot Mounting[207]
100.The Moncrieff Gun raised and ready for firing[209]
101.Moncrieff Gun lowered for loading[209]
102.68–ton Gun on Elswick Hydro-Pneumatic Mounting[211]
103.Mallet’s Mortar[213]
104.32–pounder Krupp Siege Gun, with Breech-piece open[214]
105.The Citadel of Strasburg after the Prussian Bombardment[215]
105a.The Shrapnel and Segment Shells[217]
105b.The Gatling Gun—Rear View[219]
105c.The Gatling Gun—Front View[221]
105d.The Montigny Mitrailleur[222]
105e.A Hotchkiss Gun[224]
106.Harvey’s Torpedo.—Working the Brakes[227]
107.Submerged Torpedo[228]
108.Mode of Firing Torpedo[230]
109.Explosion of Whitehead’s Torpedo[231]
110.Effect of the Explosion of Whitehead’s Torpedo[232]
111.Experiment with a Torpedo charged with 10 lbs. Gun Cotton[233]
112.Explosion of Torpedo containing 67 lbs. Gun Cotton[234]
113.Explosion of 432 lbs. Gun Cotton in 37 ft. Water[235]
114.The same in 27 ft. Water[235]
115.Section of Priming Case and Exploding Bolt[236]
116.Harvey’s Torpedo[237]
117.The same[238]
118.The same[239]
119.Official Trial of “Harvey’s Sea Torpedo”[239]
120.Model of Submarine Guns[240]
121.The Warner Experiment off Brighton[241]
122.Portrait of M. Lesseps[249]
123.The Sand-Glass[253]
124.A Group of Egyptian Fellahs and their Wives[254]
125.Dredges and Elevators at Work[255]
126.Map of the Suez Canal[256]
127.Port Saïd, the Mediterranean Entrance to the Suez Canal[257]
128.Bird’s-eye View of Port Saïd[258]
129.One of the Breakwaters at Port Saïd[259]
130.Lake Timsah and Ismaïlia[259]
131.Railway Station at Ismaïlia[260]
132.The Viceroy of Egypt cutting Embankment[261]
133.Map of the Manchester Ship Canal, Western Portion[263]
134.Map of the Manchester Ship Canal, Eastern Portion[263]
135.A Cutting for the Manchester Ship Canal[265]
136.Blasting Rocks for the Manchester Ship Canal[266]
137.Manchester Ship Canal Works, Runcorn[267]
137a.The French Steam Navvy[268]
137b.The English Steam Navvy[269]
137c.Sketch Map of the North Sea Canal[271]
138.Britannia Bridge, Menai Straits[276]
139.Diagram showing Strains[278]
140.Ditto[279]
141.Girder[279]
142.Ditto[279]
143.Ditto[280]
144.Section of a Tube of the Britannia Bridge[281]
145.Albert Bridge, Saltash[283]
146.Clifton Suspension Bridge, near Bristol[285]
147.Section of Shaft[286]
147a.Clifton Suspension Bridge, Niagara[288]
147b.Living Model of the Cantilever Principle[291]
147c.Principal Dimensions of the Forth Bridge[294]
147d.Map of the Tower Bridge and its Approaches[299]
147e.The Tower Bridge[301]
147f.Sketch[302]
148.Newspaper Printing-Room[305]
149.Inking Balls[306]
150.Inking Roller[306]
151.Diagram of Single Machine[308]
152.Diagram of Perfecting Machine[309]
153.Cowper’s Double Cylinder Machine[309]
154.Tapes of Cowper’s Machine[310]
155.Hopkinson and Cope’s Perfecting Machine[311]
156.Section of Casting Apparatus[314]
157.Diagram of the Walter Press[315]
158.Hoe’s Type Revolving Cylinder Machine[317]
159.Hoe’s “Railway” Machine[319]
160.Napier’s Platen Machine[320]
161.Roller for Printing Wall-Papers[322]
162.Machine for Printing Paper-Hangings[323]
163.Chain Testing Machine[324]
164.Pascal’s Principle[325]
165.Collar of Hydraulic Cylinder[326]
166.Hydraulic Press[327]
167.Section of Hydraulic Lift Graving Dock[331]
168.Section of Column[332]
169.Sir W. Armstrong’s Hydraulic Crane[335]
170.Raising Tubes of Britannia Bridge[336]
171.Press for Raising the Tubes[337]
172.Head of Link-Bars[338]
173.Apparatus to Prove Transmission of Pressure[339]
174.Pneumatic Tubes and Carriages[340]
175.Diagram of Tubes, &c.[342]
176.Sending and Receiving Apparatus[343]
177.Section of Receiving Apparatus[344]
178.Sommeiller Boring Machines[349]
179.Transit by Diligence over Mont Cenis[353]
180.Burleigh Rock Drill on Tripod[356]
181.The same on Movable Column[358]
182.The same Mounted on Carriage[359]
183.Diamond Drill Crown[360]
184.Diamond Drill Machinery[363]
185.Chart of the Channel Tunnel[367]
186.Section of the Channel Tunnel[368]
187.View of Dover[369]
187a.Map of the St. Gothard Railway[372]
187b.The Uppermost Bridge over the Maïenreuss[375]
187c.The Bridges over the Maïenreuss, near Wasen[377]
187d.Windings of the Line near Wasen[378]
188.Contrasts of Light[380]
189.Rays[382]
190.Diagram[383]
191.Telescopic Appearance of Jupiter and Satellites[384]
192.Diagram[386]
193, 194, 195.Diagrams[388]
196.Diagram[389]
197.Polemoscope[390]
198.Apparatus for Ghost Illusion[391]
198a.The Ghost Illusion[393]
199.Illusion produced by Mirrors[394]
200.A Stage Illusion[395]
201.View of Venice—Reflections[396]
202.Refraction[397]
203.Diagram[398]
204, 205.Diagrams of Crystals[400]
206.Diagram[401]
207.Diagram[403]
208.Diagram[404]
209.Polariscope[406]
210.Section showing Polarisation[407]
211.Iceland Spar, showing Double Refraction[407]
212.Diagram[408]
213.Diagram[410]
214.Diagram[412]
215.Portrait of Professor Kirchhoff[416]
216.Diagram[417]
217.Newton’s Experiment[418]
218.Bunsen’s Burner on Stand[421]
219.Spectroscope with one Prism[423]
220.Miniature Spectroscope[426]
221.The Gassiot Spectroscope[427]
222.Browning’s Automatic Adjustment of Prisms[429]
223.Apparatus for Spark Spectra[430]
224.The Sorby-Browning Micro-Spectroscope[433]
225.Section of Micro-Spectroscope, with Micrometer[434]
226.Diagram[435]
227.Section of Micro-Spectroscope[436]
228.Solar Eclipse, 1869[439]
229.The Planet Saturn[441]
230.Solar Prominences, No. 1[442]
231.Ditto, No. 2[443]
232.Section of Amateur Star Spectroscope[444]
232a.X. Ray Photo of Living Hand, Exposure 4 minutes[446]
232b.Skiagraph of a Hand by Dr. Roentgen[448]
232c.Metal objects photographed through Calico and sheet of Aluminium[450]
232d.Skiagraph of Layers of various substances[451]
233.Portrait of Professor Helmholtz[452]
234.Vertical Section of the Eye[454]
235.Section of Retina[456]
236.Diagram[457]
237.Muscles of Eyes[459]
238.Diagram[461]
239.Diagram[464]
240.Diagram[465]
241.Ruete’s Ophthalmoscope[466]
242.Diagram[467]
243.Wheatstone’s Reflecting Stereoscope[469]
244.Diagram[470]
245.Diagram[471]
246.The Telestereoscope[473]
247.Lines[475]
248, 249.Diagrams[476]
250, 251.Diagrams[477]
251a.Edison’s Kinetographic Theatre[479]
252.Portrait of Sir W. Thomson[481]
253.A simple Electroscope[485]
254.The Gold-leaf Electroscope[489]
255.The Leyden Jar[490]
256.A Voltaic Element[491]
257.Ampère’s Rule[492]
258.Galvanometer[493]
259.Daniell’s Cell and Battery[495]
260.Grove’s Cell and Battery[495]
261.Wire Ignited by Electricity[496]
262.Duboscq’s Electric Lantern and Regulator[497]
263.Decomposition of Water[498]
264.Electro-plating[499]
265.A Current producing a Magnet[500]
266.An Electro-magnet[501]
267.Ruhmkorff’s Coil[503]
268.Discharge through Rarefied Air[504]
268a.Large Induction Coil at the Old Polytechnic Institution, London[505]
269.Appearance of Spark on Looking-glass[507]
270.Magneto-electric Spark[508]
271.A Magnet producing a Current[509]
272.Clarke’s Magneto-electric Machine[509]
273.Magneto-electric Light[510]
274.Diagram[511]
275.Gramme Machine[512]
276.Insulated Coils[513]
277.Hand Gramme Machine[513]
278.Gramme Machine, with eight Vertical Electro-Magnets[516]
279.Gramme Machine, with Horizontal Electro-magnets[517]
280.Gramme Machine[519]
280a.The Alliance Machine[520]
280b.Wilde’s Machine[521]
280c.Siemens’ Dynamo[522]
280d.The Brush Dynamo[523]
280e.Siemens’ Regulator[524]
280f.Jablochkoff Candle[525]
280g.Electric Lamp[526]
280h.Incandescent Lamp[529]
280i.Poles with Single Arms for Suburban Roads.—The Ontario Beach Railway, Rochester, N.Y.[533]
280j.The Glynde Telepherage Line, on the system of the late Fleeming Jenkin[534]
280k.Diagrams[540]
280l.The Tesla Oscillator[542]
280m.M. Nikola Tesla[543]
281.Portrait of Professor Morse[547]
282.Double-Needle Instrument[554]
283.Electro-magnetic Bells[555]
284.Portable Single-Needle Instrument[556]
285.Connections of Telegraph Line[558]
286.Morse Recording Telegraph[559]
287.Morse Transmitting Key[561]
288.Morse Transmitting Plate[562]
289.Step-by-step Movement[567]
290.Froment’s Dials[567]
291.Wheatstone’s Universal Dial Telegraph[568]
292.Mirror Galvanometer[571]
293.Telegraph Post and Insulators[573]
294.Ditto[573]
295.Wire Circuit[574]
296.Wire and Earth Circuit[574]
297.Submarine Cable[575]
298.Making Wire for Atlantic Cable[577]
299.Instrument Room at Valentia[578]
300.Breaking of the Cable[579]
301.Atlantic Telegraph Cable, 1866[580]
302.Diagram[580]
302a.Reiss’s Musical Telephone[584]
302b.Bell’s Musical Telephone[585]
302c.Superposition of Currents[587]
302d.Bell’s Speaking Telephone[588]
302e.Hughes’s Microphone[591]
Lighthouse (heading)[593]
303.Eddystone Lighthouse[594]
304.Eddystone in a Storm[595]
305.Revolving Light Apparatus[601]
306.Stephenson’s Holophotal Light[604]
307.Camera[607]
308.Camera and Slide[615]
309.Folding Camera[616]
310.Lenses[617]
311.Bath[619]
311a.The Roll-Slide[622]
312.Portrait of Aloysius Senefelder[632]
313.Press for Stereotyping by Clay Process[633]
313a.The Linotype Machine[645]
313b.A Matrix[646]
313c.Diagram of Movements[647]
313d.A Line of Matrices[648]
313e.A finished Line entering galley[649]
313f.The Melting Pot and Mould Wheel[650]
313g.The Finished Line[651]
313h.Lines assembled into a “Form”[651]
313i.Matrices dropping into Magazine[652]
314.Recording Anemometer[653]
315.Registration of Height of Barometer and Thermometer[655]
316.Electric Chronograph[657]
317.Negretti’s Deep-Sea Thermometer[661]
318.Ditto, General Arrangement[662]
319.Atmospheric Recording Instrument[663]
319a.Traces of Vibrations of a Tuning-Fork[667]
319b.Phonautographic Tracings of Different Vowel Sounds[667]
319c.Diagram[668]
319d.Phases of Sound Waves[668]
319e.Edison’s Original Phonograph[670]
319f.Diagrammatic Section of Phonograph[671]
319g.The Graphophone[672]
319h.Edison’s Perfected Phonograph[674]
320.Domestic Aquarium[675]
321.The Opelet[679]
322.Viviparous Blenny[680]
323.The Lancelet[681]
324.Sea-Horses[683]
325.Proteus anguinus[684]
326.Mud-Fish[685]
327.The Axolotl[686]
328.Sorting, Washing, and Digging at the South African Diamond Fields[687]
329.Gold Miner’s Camp[689]
330.Gold in Rocks[690]
331.“Cradle” for Gold-washing[690]
332.Pniel, from Jardine’s Hotel[702]
333.Sifting at the “Dry Diggings”[703]
334.Vaal River, from Spence Kopje[704]
334a.Sketch Section of the Kimberley Diamond Mine[709]
335.Portrait of Sir Humphrey Davy[714]
336.Apparatus[717]
337.Portrait of Mr. Thomas Hancock[724]
338.Portrait of Sir James Young Simpson, M.D.[731]
339.Railway Cutting[740]
340.View on the Tyne[751]
341.Fossil Trees in a Railway Cutting[752]
342.Impression of Leaf in Coal Measures[753]
343.Possible Aspect of the Forests of the Coal Age[754]
344.The Fireside[756]
345.View on Hyde and Egbert’s Farm, Oil Creek[761]
346.View of City of London Gas-Works[764]
347.Section of Gas-making Apparatus[765]
348.The Retort[767]
348a.Retort House of the Imperial Gas-Works[768]
349.The Gas Governor[770]
350.Bunsen’s Burner[772]
351.Faraday’s Ventilating Gas-Burner[773]
351a.Diagram[778]
351b.Diagram[778]
351c.Diagram[779]
351d.Diagram[779]
351e.Diagram[780]
352.Apparatus for making Magenta[781]
353.Iron Pots for making Nitro-Benzol[784]
354.Section of Apparatus for making Nitro-Benzol[785]
355.Apparatus for making Aniline[786]
356.Section of Hollow Spindle[787]
357.Portrait of J. Prescott Joule, F.R.S.[801]

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate I.
TO FACE
The Great Wheel in Action[Title page]
Plate II.
North-Eastern Railway Locomotive[18]
Plate III.
The Great Steam Hammer, Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich[28]
Plate IV.
The American Tract Society Building[76]
Plate V.
General View of the Great Wheel at Earl’s Court[84]
Plate VI.
Mount Washington Inclined Track[124]
Plate VII.
Pike’s Peak Railroad, Rocky Mountains[128]
Plate VIII.
The “Clermont” from a Contemporary Drawing[130]
Plate IX.
The “Mary Powell”[144]
Plate X.
The “New York”[148]
Plate XI.
H.M.S. “The Terrible”[168]
Plate XII.
The 110–Ton Armstrong Gun[202]
Plate XIII.
The Forth Bridge[292]
Plate XIV.
The Tower Bridge in course of Construction[298]
Plate XV.
The Brooklyn Bridge[304]
Plate XVI.
The North Mouth of the Great Tunnel, St. Gothard Railway[374]
Plate XVII.
Spectra (Coloured Plate)[422]

Wind, Steam, and Speed (after Turner).