[CHAPTER IX].
PAGE
Preparations at Zaragoza[1]
Description of that city[3]
Legend of our Lady of the Pillar[5]
Contempt of the French for the Zaragozans[7]
The French attempt to storm the city[8]
Palafox goes out to collect reinforcements[9]
General Verdier joins Lefebvre with reinforcements[11]
The Torrero taken[11]
The French bombard the city[11]
Exertions of the women[13]
Countess Burita[13]
Augustina Zaragoza[14]
The French again repulsed in an attempt to take the city by storm[15]
They invest the city[16]
They form a bridge over the Ebro[17]
Distress of the inhabitants[17]
Foundling Hospital burnt[18]
Convent of St. Engracia[19]
The Hospital set on fire[24]
War in the streets[25]
Santiago Sass[26]
Number of the dead[28]
Retreat of the enemy[29]
[CHAPTER X].
Moretti sent from Badajoz to the Spaniards at Lisbon[35]
Difficulties of Junot’s situation[35]
Kellermann takes the command in Alem-Tejo[37]
He attempts to conciliate the Spaniards at Badajoz[38]
Distribution of the French troops in Portugal[41]
The Spaniards at Porto declare against the Intruder, and march into Spain[41]
The lawful government restored at Porto[42]
The Governor adheres to the French, and suppresses the insurrection[43]
Junot disarms and seizes the Spaniards at Lisbon[45]
Junot’s proclamation to the Portugueze[47]
Festival of the Corpo de Deos at Lisbon[49]
The procession interrupted by a panic fear[52]
Junot fortifies the Castle[54]
Edict for disarming the people[54]
Movements at Braga[56]
Insurrection at Melgaço[56]
The Prince Regent proclaimed at Braganza[59]
The Braganzans intimidated by the news from Porto[60]
Second insurrection at Porto[62]
Formation of a Junta in that city[63]
Measures of the Junta[66]
Arrest of Cardoso[67]
Disturbed state of the people[70]
The Junta conclude an alliance with the Junta of Galicia[72]
Its authority acknowledged throughout the north of Portugal[73]
The insurrection extends toward Coimbra[74]
Scheme for surprising the enemy in Coimbra[75]
The French in that city are made prisoners[76]
The Juiz do Povo takes the command[78]
Order restored there[79]
Preparations for defence[80]
Successful expedition against Figueira[81]
Loison ordered to march from Almeida to Porto[83]
He turns back from Mezam Frio[84]
The peasantry harass his retreat[85]
He goes to Viseu[86]
Alarm at Coimbra in consequence of his movements[86]
He returns to Almeida[87]
Insurrection at Olham in Algarve[88]
Success of the insurgents[90]
The Chamber of Faro issue an edict against them[91]
Insurrection at Faro[91]
The French excluded from that city[93]
A Junta formed at Faro[94]
The insurrection spreads through Algarve[94]
The French retreat to Mertola[95]
The people of Algarve form a treaty with Seville[96]
Insurrection at Villa-Viçosa[96]
The French enter the town[98]
Lobo gets possession of Jurumenha[99]
A French detachment sent from Mertola to Beja[101]
The people rise against them[102]
Beja sacked by the French and set on fire[104]
Kellermann’s proclamation to the people of Alem-Tejo[105]
Junot’s proclamation to the Portugueze[106]
National feeling of the Portugueze[108]
The Juiz de Fora at Marvam[110]
His flight[112]
He returns, and seizes the town[114]
Insurrection at Campo-Mayor and throughout the north of the province[115]
Measures of the French[116]
They endeavour to avail themselves of the Clergy’s influence[118]
Insurrection at Thomar[120]
Insurrection at Leiria[121]
Success of the insurgents at Nazareth[121]
Margaron approaches Leiria[122]
Preparations for defence[123]
The French enter the city[124]
Massacre of the prisoners[126]
Loison’s march from Almeida to Abrantes[127]
Language of the French Bulletins[129]
Loison ordered towards Coimbra[132]
Nazareth sacked and burnt by the French[133]
A Junta established at Beja[135]
Junta of Estremoz[136]
A supreme Junta formed at Evora[138]
Loison sent into Alem-Tejo[139]
He advances against Evora[140]
Action before that city[143]
The city taken[145]
Inhumanity of the conquerors[146]
Alarm at Estremoz[147]
Loison proceeds to Elvas[149]
He enters Portalegre[150]
He is recalled towards Lisbon[151]
Insubordination of the people at Porto[151]
Design of a military usurpation in that city[153]
The conspirators are seized[154]
Disturbances at Braganza[156]
The New-Christians plundered at Villa Nova da Foz-Coa[157]
Troubles at Viseu[159]
Riotous proceedings at Arcos de Val de Vez[160]
The rabble enact laws[161]
Communication between Alem-Tejo and the northern provinces[163]
[CHAPTER XI].
State of public feeling in England[166]
An expedition ordered to the court of Portugal[168]
Former services of Sir Arthur Wellesley[169]
Sir Arthur lands at Coruña[171]
He proceeds to Porto[172]
He goes to the Tagus to confer with Sir C. Cotton[173]
Troops landed in the Mondego[174]
They advance to Leiria[176]
Joy of the Portugueze in Lisbon[177]
Measures of the French[179]
Movements of Laborde and Loison[180]
General Freire separates from the English[181]
Motives for this separation[183]
Skirmish near Caldas[185]
Laborde takes a position at Roliça[185]
Battle of Roliça[188]
Abrantes occupied by the Portugueze[190]
Movements in Alem-Tejo and Algarve[193]
Alcacere and Setubal abandoned by the French[194]
Measures at Lisbon[195]
Proclamation to the people of Lisbon[196]
Preparations on board the Russian squadron[199]
Junction of Loison, Laborde, and Junot[200]
The British advance to Vimeiro[200]
General Anstruther’s brigade lands[201]
Arrival of Sir Harry Burrard in the roads[202]
He alters the plan of the campaign[203]
Battle of Vimeiro[205]
The French resolve to propose terms[216]
Arrival of Sir Hew Dalrymple[218]
He orders the army to advance[219]
Kellermann comes to negotiate for the evacuation of Portugal[221]
Terms of the armistice[222]
Junot returns to Lisbon[224]
General Freire dissatisfied with the armistice[226]
Difficulty concerning the Russian squadron[227]
Convention of Cintra[228]
Remonstrances of the Portugueze Commander[233]
Reply of Sir Hew Dalrymple[236]
The British flag hoisted in the forts[238]
Anarchy in Lisbon[239]
The French continue to plunder[240]
Question concerning baggage[241]
The French endeavour to carry off articles from the Museum[243]
They embark horses, carriages, and pictures, which are recovered[243]
They carry off large sums in money[244]
Question concerning the silver in bars[245]
Farther instances of dishonour in the French[246]
Protests of the Monteiro Mor, and of the Juiz do Povo[247]
Danger of tumults in Lisbon[249]
Temper of the French[251]
Their embarkation[252]
Final report of the commissioners[253]
Addresses of thanks to the British Commander[254]
Galluzo besieges Elvas[255]
Difficulties concerning the surrender of Elvas[257]
Elvas and Almeida given up[259]
Tumults at Porto[260]
The Spanish troops at Lisbon embarked for Catalonia[262]
Intrigues of the Junta of Porto[263]
Council of Regency re-established[265]
Outcry in England against the Convention[267]
Board of Inquiry appointed[273]
Its decision[274]
[CHAPTER XII].
Necessity of a provisional Government[277]
Castaños prevents a contest between Granada and Seville[279]
Plans for a Government[279]
Arrival of a Sicilian Prince at Gibraltar[280]
Ambition of the Junta of Seville[282]
The Council of Castille advise a Central Junta[283]
Project of the Junta of Seville[284]
The Provincial Juntas assent to it[289]
Unworthy choice of the Junta of Seville[290]
The other members unexceptionable[292]
Jovellanos refuses all offers from the Intrusive Government[295]
Aranjuez chosen for the place of meeting[296]
Installation of the Central Junta[298]
Conduct of the Council of Castille[299]
The Leonese Deputies arrested by Cuesta[300]
Cuesta’s vindication of his conduct[301]
The Council of Castille interfere[303]
Cuesta is summoned before the Junta[303]
Declaration of the New Government[306]
Jovellanos proposes a Regency, and that a Cortes be summoned[311]
Expectations from a Cortes[313]
State of the war in Catalonia[315]
Duhesme resolves to besiege Gerona[316]
Difficulties on the march[317]
Troops from Minorca land at Tarragona[318]
Barcelona blockaded[319]
The Junta of Catalonia remove to the head-quarters[320]
Caldagues sent to interrupt the siege of Gerona[321]
He attacks the enemy’s batteries with success[321]
Duhesme raises the siege[323]
Unpopularity of the Commander in Catalonia[324]
Difficulties of the service[325]
The Marques approaches Barcelona[327]
British troops ordered from Sicily to Catalonia, but detained by the Commander[328]
Bilbao occupied by the French[329]
Difficulties in bringing the Spanish armies into the field[330]
The Marques de la Romana[333]
Distribution of his troops in the Baltic[334]
Their conduct when the oath of allegiance to Joseph was proposed[336]
An agent sent to communicate with him[337]
He asks for a force to cover his retreat[338]
Sir Richard Keats goes upon this service[339]
Plan for collecting the Spanish troops[340]
Romana takes possession of Nyborg[341]
The entrance of the British squadron is resisted[342]
Arrival of some of the regiments from Jutland[343]
They leave the Isle of Funen[344]
Fate of the horses[345]
The Spaniards are landed in the Isle of Langeland[346]
They sail for Gottenburg, and there embark for Spain[348]
Romana lands in England[349]
Error of the Spaniards in not appointing a commander-in-chief[350]
Difficulty of feeding their armies[350]
Bilbao taken by the French, and retaken[351]
Position of the armies in October[352]
Commissioners sent to the Spanish armies[353]
[CHAPTER XIII].
Buonaparte deeply affected by the reverses in Spain[355]
He conceals them from the French people[356]
Statement of the French Government[358]
Report of M. Champagny[360]
Second Report[363]
Report of the War-minister[365]
Suspicion of the views of Austria[367]
Message from Buonaparte to the Senate[368]
The Senate approves his measures[369]
March of the troops toward Spain[371]
Speech of Buonaparte to the troops[373]
Conferences at Erfurth[374]
Overtures of peace[374]
Reply of the British Government[376]
Reply of the Russian and French Ministers[378]
Final answer of the British Government[380]
British Declaration[381]
Buonaparte departs for Spain[384]
[CHAPTER XIV].
Movements against Blake’s army[387]
Blake falls back to Espinosa[388]
Battle of Espinosa[390]
Dispersion of Blake’s army at Reynosa[393]
Buonaparte arrives in Spain[394]
Defeat of the Extremaduran army at Burgos[395]
Proclamation excluding certain Spaniards from pardon[396]
Movements against Castaños[398]
Battle of Tudela[398]
Retreat of the defeated army[400]
Their deplorable condition at Calatayud[401]
They are ordered to approach Madrid[402]
Measures of the Central Junta[403]
Pass of the Somosierra forced[407]
The Junta retire from Aranjuez[408]
State of Madrid[409]
Marques de Perales murdered by the populace[411]
Duque del Infantado sent to the central army[411]
Madrid summoned[412]
Morla treats for a capitulation[414]
Speech of Buonaparte to the Deputies[415]
Surrender of Madrid[417]
Decrees issued by Buonaparte[419]
Proclamation to the Spaniards[420]
Change in Buonaparte’s views concerning Spain[422]
Retreat of the central army[423]
Lapeña succeeds to the command[424]
They reach Guadalaxara[425]
The Duque del Infantado joins them[427]
Condition of the troops[427]
They retire toward the Tagus[429]
Passage of the Tagus[430]
Some of the troops mutiny[431]
Infantado chosen Commander[432]
They retire to Cuenca[432]
Arrival of the Conde de Alache’s corps[434]
Retreat of the Central Junta from Aranjuez[439]
Their address to the people of Madrid[440]
The French enter Toledo[442]
Defence of Villacañas[444]
Preparations for defending the Sierra Morena[446]
Murder of S. Juan at Talavera[447]
Edict against deserters[450]
English stragglers butchered by the French cavalry[451]
The French take possession of the Escurial[452]
Excesses of the French[454]
Galluzo collects the fugitives in Extremadura[456]
He prepares for the defence of the Tagus[457]
The French cross the river[459]
Galluzo retreats to Jaraicejo[460]
Dispersion of his army[461]
Galluzo is superseded by Cuesta[463]
[CHAPTER XV].
Buonaparte reproaches and insults the English[465]
The British army from Portugal enters Spain[466]
Former services of Sir John Moore[468]
His care to maintain discipline[468]
Ill prospect of affairs when he arrives at Salamanca[469]
Sir David Baird arrives at Astorga[470]
Sir John Moore resolves to retreat upon Portugal, and embark from Lisbon[471]
He asks the opinion of the British Ambassador[473]
Mr. Frere’s reply[475]
He wishes the army to advance for the defence of Madrid[475]
Two Spanish Generals sent to confer with Sir John Moore[477]
Morla and the military Junta urge him to advance[477]
Colonel Charmilly sent to Sir John Moore by the Duque del Infantado and Mr. Frere[479]
Sir John Moore resolves to advance[481]
News of the surrender of Madrid[483]
Correspondence with Romana[485]
First skirmish at Rueda[486]
The command of the Spanish armies offered to Sir John Moore, and refused[488]
Junction formed with Sir David Baird[490]
They advance against Marshal Soult[491]
The French endeavour to surround the British army[493]
Sir John Moore begins his retreat[493]
Ill conduct of the troops[496]
Passage of the Ezla[496]
General orders issued at Benevente[497]
Affair of cavalry on the Ezla[499]
Sir John Moore reaches Astorga[501]
Honourable conduct of Romana and his army[502]
Sir John Moore pursues his retreat[503]
The Bierzo[505]
Disorders committed by the troops[506]
Buonaparte stops at Astorga[507]
Skirmish at Cacabelos[509]
Retreat continued from Villa Franca[510]
Treasure abandoned[513]
The army collects at Lugo[514]
Sir John offers battle[516]
Retreat to Coruña[517]
Sir John is advised to propose terms[519]
Preparations for battle[520]
The artillery embarked[521]
Battle of Coruña[522]
Repulse of the French[527]
Death of Sir John Moore[529]
Embarkation of the army[530]

HISTORY
OF THE
PENINSULAR WAR.

CHAPTER IX.

SIEGE OF ZARAGOZA.

♦1808.
June.♦

Important as the battle of Baylen was in its direct and immediate consequences to the Spaniards, their cause derived greater celebrity and more permanent strength from the defence of Zaragoza.

♦Preparations at Zaragoza.♦

Order had been restored in that city from the hour when Palafox assumed the command. Implicit confidence in the commander produced implicit and alert obedience, and preparations were made with zeal and activity proportioned to the danger. When the new Captain-General declared war against the French, the troops which he mustered amounted only to 220 men, and the public treasury could furnish him with no more than an hundred dollars; sixteen ill-mounted guns were all the artillery in the place, and the arsenal contained but few muskets. Fowling-pieces were put in requisition, pikes were forged, powder was supplied from the mills at Villafeliche, which were some of the most considerable in Spain, ... for every thing else Palafox trusted to his country and his cause. And his trust was not in vain; the Zaragozans were ready to endure any suffering and make any sacrifice in the discharge of their duty; the same spirit possessed the whole country, and from all those parts of Spain which were under the yoke of the enemy officers and soldiers repaired to Zaragoza as soon as it was seen that an army was collecting there; many came from Madrid and from Pampluna, and some officers of engineers from the military academy at Alcala. And the spirits of the people were encouraged by the discovery of a depôt of fire-arms walled up in the Aljafaria; they had probably been secreted there in the succession war, when one party resigned that city to its enemies, and their discovery in this time of need was regarded by the Zaragozans as a manifestation of divine Providence in their favour. The defeats which their undisciplined levies sustained at Tudela, Mallen, and Alagon abated not their resolution; and in the last of these actions a handful of regular troops protected their retreat with great steadiness. The French general, Lefebvre Desnouettes, pursuing his hitherto uninterrupted success, advanced, and took up a position very near the city, and covered by a rising ground planted with olive trees.

♦Description of the city.♦