| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1st Person, na, naro. | lst Person, dae, daro. |
| 2nd Person, ni, niro. | 2nd Person, ali, alero. |
| 3rd Person, pi, piro. | 3rd Person, valo, valoro. |
The Possessives are formed with ma: nema, nima, pima, daema, lima, valoma.
The Interrogatives are: tsia? who? itara? vaina? what thing? (S.H.R.)
[2] These numerals differ from the Oru Lopiko of Father Egidi. He gives: konepu, one; kalotolo, two; konekhalavi, three; maimitara, many; onionipu, few. (S.H.R.)
A Comparative Vocabulary of the Fuyuge, Afoa, and Kovio Languages
Prepared by Sidney H. Ray, M.A.
[From the MSS. of Rev. Father Egedi, Rev. P.J. Money, and Dr. W.M. Strong. Words in square brackets from “Antropos,” II., pp. 1016–1021. Cf. Appendix V.]
| Mafulu | Kambisa | Korona | Afoa | Kovio | |||
| Adze | so(ve) | so(nda) | itau | kealeve | labian)ed | ||
| Ankle | sog’ u’ kodabe[1] | segikanan[2] | — | — | — | ||
| Areca-nut | kese | kesi | soroma | iluve; [vonuve] | koveo; [auliri-koyo] | ||
| Arm | bodo(le); matange (shoulder) | ia; kosa (shoulder) | ya | kalab; [kala(pe)] | malau; [malao] | ||
| Armlet | koio(ne) (cane); matsi(ne) (shell) | ino (cane) | — | [torite; litsi] | [loria] | ||
| Arrow | fod’ u’ komome | — | fode | — | [kilelupa] | ||
| Ashes | foye | hoi | — | enamiro[3]; pita; [sepe] | iziuvate; [itekamite] | ||
| Backbone | bane | bano | — | [momo(pe) (back)] | — | ||
| Bad | ko(ye) | — | ko | k=o=ali | kep)ip; [amifu] | ||
| Bag, Basket | anon(ne) | ha(netted) | — | [lamui] | [lamui] | ||
| Bamboo | bione; e(re) (pipe) | e | tobo[4] | ila; [vioni; ila (pipe)] | nelele; [pidele; nerele (pipe)] | ||
| Banana | ambe | — | haba | pelai | teri; [teli] | ||
| Barter | davani | — | — | tvatava[5] | — | ||
| Beard | anama(le) | hanama | — | — | — | ||
| Belly | ombo(le) | hombo (stomach) | obo | aniami; [aniame (abdomen); kutote (belly)] | dapoale; [data] | ||
| Belt (waist string) | ganinge; ganingame (bark); tafade (ratan) | misu | — | [terite; afafe; teupe] | [tabatsio; talakota] | ||
| Bird | nembe | neba | nebe | kile | id)ep; [ite] | ||
| Bite | angale (of men); itede (of dog) | — | — | kanaiva | — | ||
| Black | dube | — | duba | lumatu | alolamala; [tumuta]. | ||
| Blood | tana(le) | — | tana | ilive | uiau-toro; [ueho]. | ||
| Boat | — | — | asi[6] | — | — | ||
| Body | mule | — | — | [kotsi(pe)] | ulan-utoro ; [koki]. | ||
| Bone | fude | — | ufudi | kemiabi | kateleru. | ||
| Bow, n | fode | — | fode | — | — | ||
| Bowels | taride; gige | — | — | [kimu(ve)] | [tsikamaki]. | ||
| Branch | bodo(le); gobe (young) | — | uga | ietami | litaud | ||
| Breast | ouba | duda; kononda[7] (chest); bononga (breast-bone) | — | talate [opipe] | apiteu; [apetei (woman’s)]. | ||
| Bring | yetsia (up); yayeitsie (down) | — | neda | ainakava | [boale?]. | ||
| Bury | mudi | — | — | alota | — | ||
| Butterfly | keneke | — | kaneke | gotaubi | — | ||
| By an Bye | dedi; ido(ve) (not yet) | gadavi | — | [epe (not yet)] | — | ||
| Cane | yokome; seene (ratan) | ongo | — | — | — | ||
| Charcoal | — | urugum | orugu | (ena)imiti[8] | — | ||
| Cheek | omenge | hanan | — | — | — | ||
| Chest | kavale | kononda | konode | kaluvi | lipat; [ulako]. | ||
| Chief | ame(de) | — | — | — | — | ||
| Child | mele; ese (son); ame(le) (girl); ayame(le) (small) | isa; isoko (boy); amuri (girl) | isia | lu [lu; pie (boy); epi (girl)] | nekeotoro; [koemala; feimala (boy); nalemala; etaofu (girl)]. | ||
| Chin | ana | ana | — | [natau(pe)] | [akumare]. | ||
| Claw (of bird) | fodo(le) | — | bodo[9] | kila karabe | — | ||
| Cloth (native) | kogo(ve) | hudo | — | [etape] | [tsimika]. | ||
| Cloud | unu(me) | — | — | ulua; [ponive] | unida; [lariatsi]. | ||
| Club | gilise (pineapple); gadaibe (disc); kongomu (wood) | hadufa (wood) | hadoga (pine-apple) | yetikwi | ineri (stone) | ||
| Coconut | fofo(ne) | bao | fofo | — | teri. | ||
| Cold | yuyuma | — | dudure | loola | delea; [abatata]. | ||
| Come | tsia | — | yeterun | lai | [imaro] | ||
| Crocodile | fua | — | fuai | — | — | ||
| Cuscus | — | ano[10] | — | — | — | ||
| Darkness | tu(be) | — | gerenama | guviti | dubare | ||
| Daylight | ev’ ul’ aveve[11] | — | — | — | — | ||
| Die | usangege | — | usaga | lae-elu; [kelui] | [nusuaka] | ||
| Dig | tsie | — | — | amatita | — | ||
| Digging-stick | itsive | — | iti | — | — | ||
| Dog | oi(e) | hu | ho | kovela | gad)ep; [katefu] | ||
| Door | akonimbe | — | — | — | — | ||
| Dress (man’s) | ganinge | haninga | — | — | — | ||
| Dress (woman’s) | yangile (petticoat); yamba(le) | iambaro | — | — | — | ||
| Drink | nene | — | eu’ naida | kwaiana | [naro] | ||
| Ear | yangolo(me) | gadoro | i | kepapi | katoli | ||
| Earring | — | kemang | — | — | — | ||
| Earth (ground) | bu(le), fa(le) | hoa | fa(la) | amati | kamad; [amatsi] | ||
| Eat | nene | — | adako’ naida | na)nai[12]; [nai] | [naro] | ||
| Egg | ombo(le) | — | obo | kile’ mutube | nekeo | ||
| Elbow | bodol’u’ kodabe[13] | hukanan[14] | ya’ koba | oma’ kaluve | mala-gagoboro | ||
| Eye | i(me) | i(ng) | yago | tabe; [va(pe)] | ita-kwaru; [itau] | ||
| Eyebrow | ingob’ u’ male[15] | ing’ ode[16] | — | — | ita-dunali | ||
| Eyelash | — | ing’ uba | — | — | ita-kalam | ||
| Face | mede | — | yodoge | keuwil [keu(ve)] | tara-ata; [kawasata] | ||
| Far off | gisa(le) | busara | — | ainioari [ainiole] | waladekatch; [lulusivelaka] | ||
| Father | ba(be) | — | bane | ati | papai; [fafae; vavafu] | ||
| Fear | undede | — | — | nu)kela[17] | — | ||
| Feather | ma(le); pame (of wing) | wasa (cassowary plum) | — | kili’ amute | atch; [akoatsi] | ||
| Finger | bodol’ u’ gobe[18] (index); bodol’ u’ feneme[19] (middle and ring); bodol’ u’ talave[20] (little finger); bodol’ u’ mame[21] (thumb) | naria (thumb) | yaro’ goba[18] | lelevai; [kalaopue (index and ring); kimataliope (middle); leleva (little); amo(te) thumb] | mala-tiporotch; [obido (index); upurau; kaitaita (middle); upurau; gitaguruita (ring); itarao; taravalara (little); banoe (thumb)] | ||
| Fire | oki(de) | uki | oke | )enami | iziradi; [iti] | ||
| Fish | garume | garung | unuma (?) | gapila; [kapita] | rapiamala; [kavila] | ||
| Flea | yo(le) | kasin | — | — | — | ||
| Flesh | mise | — | misa | miluti | [muditsi] | ||
| Flower | sive; oyande | — | unida[22] | iadaude | [ulatu] | ||
| Fly, n. | sungulu(me) | — | sigurum | tainanu; [tainamu] | [muni] | ||
| Fly, v. | iyei | — | — | — | — | ||
| Fog | unu(me) | hunu | — | — | — | ||
| Food | imbade (animal); yalove (vegetable) | — | — | [nifite (animal); valive; kalai (vegetable)] | [muditsi (animal); taraj (vegetable)] | ||
| Foot | yovali, so(ge); sog’ u’ tobo (sole)[23] | suga; hu tobo’ (sole) | sogo | lomineti; [lo(ape)] | ina-tiporotch; [teporotsi] | ||
| Forehead | mede; ingobe (bone of eyebrow) | anone (temple) | mida | miavi | [tavatau] | ||
| Forest | mavane (hunting-ground); siu(le), tsiu(le) (bush) | — | bu[24] | sule; [kalite] | yaped; [buloka] | ||
| Fowl | kokole | — | — | — | — | ||
| Fruit | dede | — | — | ietaube; [eadauda] | ulau; [kalitu; ulata] | ||
| Garden | bu(le) | — | — | — | [volomala; volofu] | ||
| Ghost | sila(le) | — | — | — | — | ||
| Give | indi | — | ide | nu)inie[25]; [ini] | [nanara] | ||
| Go | gege | — | hego | lo; [la] | [taro] | ||
| Good | ifa(ne) | — | ifi | ladi; [kato] | aupumara; [tsimafu] | ||
| Great | baibe | mataka | baibe | kalowo | aputep; [tovenaetsi] | ||
| Hair (of head) | alome | ha; makoko (dressed) | — | auwataute; [voto(pe)] | nanalĕd; [manala; manalreta]. | ||
| Hair (of body) | ma(le) | — | — | auwuti; [avute] | ada; [akoatsi] | ||
| Hand | bodo(le); bodol’ u’-tobo (palm)[26] | ia; ia’tobo (palm) | yaro’ uba | galatopute [kalaopue] | mala-kapunatch; [mala=tu portosi] | ||
| Hard | kakava(ne) | — | — | avava | maradi; [unamane] | ||
| Head | ade(de) | hondu | ha | ni)adi; [ade][27] | gagau; [kakao] | ||
| Head-wrap | ogoupe | suno | — | — | — | ||
| Hear | alele | — | — | lanita | — | ||
| Hill | kume | kumo | bunga | itavi; [maive; lavave (uninhabited); itave (crest)] | la-ôâ-uta; [laoaka] | ||
| Hip | ol’u’ga(ye)[28] | huru | — | — | — | ||
| Hook | — | — | kimai[29] | — | — | ||
| Hot | olola | — | giganfe | nunali | midilamolamo | ||
| House | e(me); emo(ne) (communal) | e(m) | e | geade; [kia(te); tumute (communal)] | tupumagi; [dema(ki); dubumaki (communal)] | ||
| Husband | a(ne) | — | — | omen)iva; [vale; mu][30] | anawab | ||
| Iron | tavili[31] | — | nani | nai | — | ||
| Kill | adede; ememe | — | — | [amui] | [mavemara] | ||
| Knee | amia | amiang | — | — | |||
| Knife | indi(ve) | indi(fa) | — | [tiveja(ve)][32] | [vesti] | ||
| Know | tsitsiva | — | — | nu)ali; [ni] | [edemaka] | ||
| Leaf | tu(le) | idu | utu | valupi | aukwata; [aufu; aubota] | ||
| Leg | yovali; fande (shin); mude (thigh); mise (calf) | furo (shin); muda (thigh) | mude (thigh) | wolupi (thigh); [keniame; kupuame (thigh)] | alile (thigh); [inako; apota (thigh)] | ||
| Lime | abe | — | hava | [kaute] | wati. | ||
| Lip | ude | uba | udu | gĕtapi | ridokalule (upper); akoitale (lower); [kijtakorutsi] | ||
| Live | asilando (be alive) | — | asihera | kajli | [watara (alive)] | ||
| Liver | dube | — | hade | kimaule | — | ||
| Long | sesada | busa | — | [tsyani] | [tovenaemita]. | ||
| Louse | i(ye) | — | hi | iate | [inepu]. | ||
| Male | avoge | — | — | — | — | ||
| Man | a(ne) | — | a | woale;[vale] | kalauotoro;[abo(te); mala; abofu]. | ||
| Many | tale; taluvi | — | harut | tatele;[talele] | maimitara. | ||
| Mat | — | — | — | unite | tau-ud. | ||
| Milk | oubatsinge; oub’indidi[33] (to suckle) | — | obo | mulape | apiteu. | ||
| Mirror | aveve | idida | — | — | — | ||
| Moon | one | hama | hoana | oani;[one] | nonitch;[onea, nonitsi]. | ||
| Morning | tutsi | — | — | laliate’ govelai [kuwitue] | — | ||
| Mosquito | maingogo | — | igogesa | nipope | — | ||
| Mother | ma(me) | — | uma | aumen)ini[34]; [ine] | nei; [nei, nonofu]. | ||
| Mouth | ambode | gobang | adinu | nautabe; [natave, yolote] | akwot;[khidatsi]. | ||
| Nail (finger) | fodo(le); koko (of cassowary) | bodong (of toe)[35] | — | [viloipe] | [tevetsi]. | ||
| Name | i(ve) | — | — | apete | nitiab;[vitane]. | ||
| Navel | kombolu | kumburu | koboro | oatobe; [otove] | autau; [koto]. | ||
| Near | kugume | kuguraga | — | amauli;[amavola] | kauwari. | ||
| Neck | gurube; kalolo (throat) | indu (back); aroro (throat) | — | [kumulute] | neneviro;[nelevio]. | ||
| Necklace | sale, sambu (shell); tsiba, [Dog’s incisors] sise [Dog’s canine] (dogs’ teeth); yakeva (pearl) | sa (shell) | — | [telenate [Dog’s incisors]; lulate [Dog’s canine] | [kulolobotsi[Dog’s incisors]; kitetsi[Dog’s canine]. | ||
| Night | tu(be) | — | — | guve’teletai[kuvite] | — | ||
| Nipple | ouba’ ul’ unge[36] | — | — | oalube; [okobe] | apiteu. | ||
| No | mi, ua(ne) | — | — | muinu | [nai]. | ||
| Nose | unge | unga | unga | kiti [ki(te)] | watarupu;[wata(rube)]. | ||
| Nostril | ung’ ul’ olo[37] | urorong | — | — | — | ||
| Paddle | — | — | bara[38] | — | — | ||
| Pig | ovo(le) (wild); ovota (tame); oleda (large); foilange (wild boar). | sika | o’o | polu | woromala; [voro(mala)]. | ||
| Pot | uli(ne); kodige (dish); | — | — | [kapite; lua(pe) (dish); nau(pe) (earthen dish)][39] | kaivitch; [apitsi; kuetsi; kapaitsi (earthen dish)]. | ||
| Pumpkin | botame; tobo(le) (goard). | bata | — | — | — | ||
| Rain | yangose | — | yagosa | iti | uteli. | ||
| Rat | giliminde | — | sui | keni | keniani. | ||
| Red | ilalama | — | — | boratu; [polatu] | lolalumala. | ||
| Rib | auale | awari | — | [malupe] | [elavotsi]. | ||
| River | yu(ve) | — | — | ipe | everi. | ||
| Road | enambe; foida (along flank of mountain) | enambo | enaba | kani | abatu. | ||
| Root | okasili | — | okusi | kilu’ mute | mudene. | ||
| Rope | knoage | — | yu | pumave; [pumave inate] | pemarap; [leka; vilape]. | ||
| Sago | balck’ u; ta(ye)[40] | — | — | — | — | ||
| Salt | ama(ne) | hanamo | ama | limanevi | [yota]. | ||
| Sand | sanga(ve) | — | soana | nunu | [utsiaio]. | ||
| Scratch | fifiete; sisilimi (one’s self) | — | — | malitana | — | ||
| Sea | ise | — | isa | — | tapala. | ||
| See | ariri | — | — | na)nukava[41] | [italara]. | ||
| Shadow | sove; abebe; avevene (of object); | — | — | ala | utupapu. | ||
| Sit | tegid’ ande[42] | — | — | na)navi[9] | [ularo]. | ||
| Skin | ode | — | hode | gotipe; [kotsi(pe)] | komotoro; [kalukalutsi]. | ||
| Sky | asolo(ne) | asoro | — | [manape] | abat; [abatsi]. | ||
| Sleep | imaritade | — | — | utewu; [utevoi] | [voile; waro (rest)]. | ||
| Small | kisi; aka(ne); kisiaka(ne) (very) | ami’aga | kisibaga | eveeve | peipu; [utsiaitsi]. | ||
| Smoke | iso(ne) | isong | isōā | etaivi | [itiaulo]. | ||
| Snake | tsivili | — | hemai[43] | nai; [kovo] | toiepe; [toepo]. | ||
| Soft | safe(le) | — | — | tamenu; [oluolue] | ketitau; [peopeo]. | ||
| Sour | beekoi (bitter) | — | — | — | — | ||
| Speak | ave(te) | — | — | tananipa; [te] | [wade]. | ||
| Spear | eme(le); idika (with barbs of cassowary claws) | himi(ra) | hemi | — | inari. | ||
| Spit | sabete | — | — | luiteta | — | ||
| Spittle | sabe | — | — | — | — | ||
| Stand | yu | — | — | lugila; [kilai] | [lavaka]. | ||
| Star | alile | duba[44] | harira | tui; [imuli] | kapu. | ||
| Stay | vayu | — | — | loia | — | ||
| Stone | bute | io | butia | eviti; [evi(te)] | geleo; [kile]. | ||
| Sugar-cane | ale | teba[45] | — | tu(ami) | apiu; [api]. | ||
| Sun | eve | ewu(ri) | eurima | wati; [vata(ve)] | stamari; [kita]. | ||
| Sweet | bebena | — | — | — | — | ||
| Sweet potato | kupa | kupe | gupe | gupe; [kupeame; vetoe] | kouwai; [vetore]. | ||
| Taro | munde | munda | mude | ku(we) | gamach; [gimale]. | ||
| Taste, v. | tovogi | — | — | — | — | ||
| Thick | kakava(ne) | — | — | [evoevotupi] | inĕp. | ||
| Thin | fafale; garibe | — | — | [itape] | krawida. | ||
| Tobacco | vilu (native); kuku (foreign); matsika (stick) | ewuta | — | [emuna(te) (native)] | [munamuna (native)]. | ||
| To-day | audati | — | — | kailili | [tetefa; vae]. | ||
| Tomohawk | so(ve) | so(nda) | — | [amu(te)] | — | ||
| To-morrow | aiti | — | — | kila | [kavokae]. | ||
| Tongue | usese | asisino | asiesa | aivi | tananio; [tzinao]. | ||
| Tooth | ato(le) | usi[46] | atu | noto(ab); [noto(ape)] | kitira; [rita (tsi)]. | ||
| Tree | i(ye) | i (wood) | i | enade; [ea(te)] | ida. | ||
| Valley | ole (below) | horo | — | — | — | ||
| Village | e(me) | haru | eda | geade; [kia(te); mai(te)] | deata; [dela]. | ||
| Water | yu(ve) | iu | eu(wa) | i(pe) | eweo; [eveo; evori]. | ||
| Weep | andavel’ete; availili | — | — | kowaitai | [inivade]. | ||
| White | kogola; fofoye (ash colour) | — | foa | ilitu | unimala; [aela]. | ||
| Wife | amu(le) | — | — | omen)iva[47]; [iva] | anamara. | ||
| Wind | gubu(le) | — | gubu(ra) | kavi; [oive] | tamara; [tsinu]. | ||
| Wing | geoge; fala(le) (feathers); pilulupe (of bat) | — | — | — | — | ||
| Woman | amu(le) | mamo[48] | amu | iva | anakave; [anatemada, anakave; anafu]. | ||
| Wrist | bodul’ u’ gurube[49] | ia’ u’ gidiba | — | — | — | ||
| Yam | ai(ne) | — | hain | loite | darai; [tarae]. | ||
| Yellow | yangogona[50] | — | yarem | epe | katech. | ||
| Yes | e | — | — | namoade | — | ||
| Yesterday | arima | — | — | kila | [orivafari]. |