| FIG. | PAGE | |
| 1. | Engine Actions | [3] |
| 2. | Gasoline Engine Cycle | [7] |
| 3. | Gasoline Engine in Section | [21] |
| 4. | Crank Shafts | [22] |
| 5. | One-Throw Crank Shaft | [23] |
| 6. | Connecting Rod | [23] |
| 7. | Piston and Piston in Section | [24] |
| 8. | Piston Rings | [24] |
| 9. | Conical Valve Seat | [25] |
| 10. | Automatic Inlet Valve in Cage | [25] |
| 11. | Cam Action | [27] |
| 12. | Four Arrangements of Valves | [29] |
| 13. | Circulation of Cooling Water | [31] |
| 14. | Types of Pumps | [32] |
| 15. | Radiator Constructions | [33] |
| 16. | Radiator and Fan | [33] |
| 17. | Engine Arrangements Showing Order of Firing | [40] |
| 18. | Two-Cycle Engine | [48] |
| 19. | Carburetor Principles | [54] |
| 20. | Automatic Carburetors | [59] |
| 21. | Mechanically Controlled Carburetor | [63] |
| 22. | Float-Feed Carburetor with Gravity Gasoline Feed | [65] |
| 23. | Pressure-Feed Gasoline System | [67] |
| 23A. | Types of Float Valves | [69] |
| 23B. | Types of Auxiliary Air Inlets | [71] |
| 24. | Battery Connections | [85] |
| 25. | Make-and-Break Ignition | [92] |
| 26. | Types of Timers | [99] |
| 27. | Mechanical Vibrator | [104] |
| 28. | Magnetic Vibrator | [104] |
| 29. | Spark Plug and Spark Plug in Section | [107] |
| 30. | Ignition Circuit | [108] |
| 31. | Friction Cone Clutches | [115] |
| 32. | Multiple-Disk Clutch | [117] |
| 33. | Sliding Gear—Progressive Type | [122] |
| 34. | Selective Type | [127] |
| 35. | Planetary Type | [133] |
| 36. | Individual Clutch and Friction Drive | [139] |
| 37. | Propeller and Single-Chain Drives | [143] |
| 38. | Typical Universal Joint | [144] |
| 38A. | Types of Shaft Drives | [145] |
| 39. | Live Axle—Non-floating Type | [147] |
| 40. | Live Axle—Floating Type | [147] |
| 40A. | Dead Axle with Driving Shaft | [149] |
| 41. | Torsion Rod | [150] |
| 42. | Double Side-Chain Drive | [151] |
| 43. | Differentials | [154] |
| 44. | Two Arrangements of the Drag Link | [162] |
| 45. | Steering Principles | [163] |
| 46. | Steering Mechanisms | [165] |
| 47. | Three Varieties of Brakes | [168] |
| 48. | Springs | [175] |
| 49. | Distance or Radius Rods | [177] |
| 50. | Jump-Spark Wiring Diagrams | [237] |
| 51. | Jump-Spark Wiring Diagrams | [239] |
| 52. | Make-and-Break Wiring Diagram | [241] |
| 53. | Make-and-Break Wiring Diagram | [241] |
ILLUSTRATIONS IN APPENDIX
| 1. | Magnetic Lines of Force | [250] |
| 2. | Armature | [256] |
| 3. | The Armature and Lines of Force | [256] |
| 4. | The Armature and Lines of Force | [257] |
| 5. | The Armature and Lines of Force | [257] |
| 6. | The Armature and Lines of Force | [258] |
| 7. | The Armature and Lines of Force | [259] |
| 8. | Make-and-Break System | [271] |
| 9. | Eisemann Ignition System | [285] |
| 10. | Wiring Diagram, H.-T. Magneto Interchangeable with Secondary Coil | [298] |
| 11. | Wiring Diagram, Two-Spark Magneto | [302] |
| 12. | Timing Diagram, Two-Spark Magneto | [304] |
| 13. | Diagrams showing Position of Shield Revolving about Armature | [309] |
| 14. | Wiring Diagram, Four-Spark Magneto | [312] |
| 15. | Timing Diagram, Four-Spark Magneto | [314] |
| 16. | Bosch Jump-Spark Dual System | [318] |
| 17. | Remy Inductor | [321] |
| 18. | Inductor Giving Six Waves | [321] |
| 19. | Magnetic Igniter | [324] |
| 20. | Wiring Diagram of Magnetic Igniter System | [324] |
MOTOR-CAR PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER I
GASOLINE ENGINE PRINCIPLES
The action of a steam, gasoline, or hot-air engine depends on the principle that when air or other gas is heated it expands, and that if it is confined in a space that will not permit it to expand, in striving to do so it creates pressure against all parts of the chamber in which it is contained. The more a gas is heated, the more it will expand if it is free to do so, and if not free, the greater will be the pressure that it will exert in striving to expand. Pressure may thus be generated by heat, and following along similar lines, heat may be produced by pressure, for when the pressure of a gas is increased by compressing it, or forcing it to occupy a smaller space, the gas will become heated. The reverse is also true, that when a gas is cooled, its volume is reduced, which reduces the pressure that it exerts; similarly, reducing the pressure by permitting the gas to expand reduces its temperature.
To state these principles in another form, to create pressure in a gas it must either be heated or compressed into a smaller space, and to reduce its pressure it must either be cooled or permitted to expand.
The action of a locomotive, the most familiar type of steam engine, is no mystery, and the production of steam in the boiler, its passage to the cylinder, and the application of its steady pressure against first one side of the piston and then the other, resulting in the turning of the driving wheels, are well understood. Water being converted into steam in the boiler, pressure is created because of the tendency of the steam to expand, but the only place in which it may expand is the cylinder, where in so doing it moves the piston.
