4. A louvered sky-light is one with slats at the sides inclining outward, so that air can escape but rain can not enter.
6. Calked with lead. (See 26.)
7. Tempered-up cement. Cement which has been used once, and has been broken up and ground, for using a second time.
9. House-drain, of iron. (See “Bad Odors, 2, a.”)
10. Water-closets. Four principal classes, with innumerable varieties, mostly patented.
1. The pan-closet (Fig. 16). Its chief advantage is its cheapness and the ease with which it can be repaired. Its disadvantage is the odor that usually attends its use. When the handle (a) is raised, the contents of the pan (b) are thrown against the side of the iron container (c), and some filth adheres there and decomposes, filling the container with a noisome stench, which escapes into the room every time the closet is used. An abundant flush, an enameled container, and proper ventilation of the container, reduce this nuisance materially. Generally condemned by sanitarians.
Fig. 16.—Pan-closet. Fig. 17.—Hopper-closet.
2. Hopper-closets (Fig. 17). Rather unsightly, because the water and floating matter in the trap are visible, and matters often cling to the sides, but, with an abundant flush suddenly discharged, are very inoffensive.
3. Plunger-closets, of which the Jennings closet (Fig. 18) may be taken as a type. The handle lifts a plug, which allows the contents of the bowl to run out, and, when the plug is dropped in place, the bowl is filled again from a ball-cock. These closets are liable to get out of order; the plungers or plugs lose their rubber flanges and leak, and the plunger-chamber is apt to retain filth.