PART I. THE TOPOGRAPHY WITH SOME NOTES ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES [3]
I. The Plain Surrounding the Quartzite Ridges.
Topography [6]
Structure [8]
Origin of the Sandstone and Limestone [9]
Origin of the Topography [12]
II. The Quartzite Ridges [13]
Topography [13]
The Structure and Constitution of the Ridges [14]
III. Relations of the Sandstone of the Plain to the Quartzite of the Ridges [19]
PART II. HISTORY OF THE TOPOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER II.
OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE ROCK FORMATIONS WHICH SHOW THEMSELVES AT THE SURFACE.
I. The Pre-Cambrian History of the Quartzite [23]
From loose Sand to Quartzite [23]
Uplift and Deformation. Dynamic Metamorphism [24]
Erosion of the Quartzite [25]
Thickness of the Quartzite [26]
II. The History of the Paleozoic Strata [27]
The Subsidence [27]
The Potsdam Sandstone (and Conglomerate) [27]
The Lower Magnesian Limestone [31]
The St. Peters Sandstone [32]
Younger Beds [33]
Climatic Conditions [34]
Time involved [34]
The Uplift [34]
CHAPTER III.
GENERAL OUTLINE OF RAIN AND RIVER EROSION
Elements of Erosion [36]
Weathering [36]
Corrasion [36]
Erosion without Valleys [37]
The Beginning of a Valley [37]
The Course of a Valley [39]
Tributary Valleys [39]
How a Valley gets a Stream [40]
Limits of a Valley [43]
A Cycle of Erosion [44]
Effects of unequal Hardness [47]
Falls and Rapids [48]
Narrows [49]
Erosion of folded Strata [50]
Base-level Plains and Peneplains [50]
Transportation and Deposition [55]
Topographic Forms resulting from Stream Deposition [56]
Rejuvenation of Streams [56]
Underground Water [58]
CHAPTER IV.
EROSION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRIKING SCENIC FEATURES
Establishment of Drainage [61]
Striking scenic Features [64]
The Baraboo Bluffs [65]
The Narrows in the Quartzite [66]
Glens [68]
Natural Bridge [69]
The Dalles of the Wisconsin [69]
The Mounds and Castle Rocks [71]
CHAPTER V.
THE GLACIAL PERIOD.
The Drift [73]
Snow Fields and ice Sheets [74]
The North American ice Sheets [78]
The Work of glacier Ice [79]
Erosive Work of Ice. Effect on Topography [79]
Deposition by the Ice. Effect on Topography [85]
Direction of ice Movement [88]
Effect of Topography on Movement [89]
Glacial Deposits [94]
The ground Moraine [97]
Constitution [99]
Topography [101]
Terminal Moraines [102]
Topography of terminal Moraines [103]
The terminal Moraine about Devil's Lake [105]
The Moraine on the main Quartzite Range [107]
Constitution of the marginal Ridge [110]
The Slope of the upper Surface of the Ice at the Margin [111]
Stratified Drift [111]
Its Origin [112]
Glacial Drainage [113]
Stages in the History of an Ice Sheet [114]
Deposits made by extraglacial Waters during the maximum Extension of the Ice [115]
At the Edge of the Ice, on Land [115]
Beyond the Edge of the Ice, on Land [116]
Deposits at and beyond the Edge of the Ice in standing Water [120]
Deposits made by extraglacial Waters during the Retreat of the Ice [121]
Deposits made by extraglacial Waters during the Advance of the Ice [123]
Deposits made by subglacial Streams [124]
Relations of stratified to unstratified Drift [125]
Complexity of Relations [126]
Classification of stratified Drift on the Basis of Position [127]
Extraglacial Deposits [127]
Supermorainic deposits [127]
The submorainic (basal) Deposits [127]
Intermorainic stratified Drift [128]
Changes in Drainage effected by the Ice [128]
While the Ice was on [128]
Wisconsin Lake [129]
Baraboo Lake [130]
Devil's Lake in glacial Times [132]
After the Ice had disappeared [135]
Lakes [136]
Existing Lakes [137]
Changes in Streams [138]
Skillett Creek [138]
The Wisconsin [139]
The Driftless Area [142]
Contrast between glaciated and unglaciated Areas [143]
Topography [143]
Drainage [144]
Mantle Rock [144]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.
PAGE
The Dalles of the WisconsinFrontispiece.
Plate I.General map of the Devil's Lake region [4]
II.Local map of the Devil's Lake region [4]
III.Fig. 1—Ripple marks on a slab of sandstone [9]
Fig. 2—Piece of Potsdam conglomerate [9]
IV.Lower Narrows of the Baraboo [12]
V.Devil's Lake notch [14]
VI.East bluff of Devil's Lake [14]
VII.East bluff at the Upper Narrows of the Baraboo near Ableman's [16]
VIII.Vertical shear zone face of east bluff at Devil's Lake [16]
IX.Massive quartzite in situ in road through Upper Narrows near Ableman's [18]
X.Brecciated quartzite [18]
XI.Northwest wall of the Upper Narrows [20]
XII.Steamboat Rock [30]
XIII.Fig. 1—A very young valley [38]
Fig. 2—A valley at later stage of development [38]
Fig. 3—Young valleys [38]
XIV.Fig. 1—Same valleys as shown in Pl. XIII, Fig. 3, but at a later stage of development [45]
Fig. 2—Same valleys as shown in Fig. 1 in later stage of development [45]
XV.Diagram illustrating how a hard inclined layer of rock becomes a ridge in the process of degradation [46]
XVI.Skillett Falls [48]
XVII.A group of mounds on the plain northwest from Camp Douglas [50]
XVIII.Castle Rock near Camp Douglas [50]
XIX. Fig. 1—Sketch of a young valley [54]
Fig. 2—Same valleys as shown in Fig. 1 in later stage of development [54]
XX.Fig. 1—Sketch of a part of a valley at a stage of development corresponding to the cross section shown in Fig. 21 [54]
Fig. 2—Sketch of a section of the Baraboo valley [54]
XXI.Cleopatra's Needle [64]
XXII.Turk's Head [64]
XXIII.Devil's Doorway [64]
XXIV.Talus slope on east bluff of Devil's Lake [67]
XXV.Dorward's Glen [68]
XXVI.Natural Bridge near Denzer [68]
XXVII.The Navy Yard [68]
XXVIII.Chimney Rock [70]
XXIX.An island in the Lower Dalles [70]
XXX.View in Lower Dalles [70]
XXXI.Stand Rock [72]
XXXII.Petenwell Peak [72]
XXXIII.North American ice sheet [78]
XXXIV.Owl's Head [78]
XXXV.Cut in glacial drift [94]
XXXVI.Glaciated stones [96]
XXXVII.Topographic map of a small area about Devil's Lake [108]
XXXVIII.Distorted laminæ of silt and clay [120]

FIGURES IN TEXT.
PAGE
Figure 1.Profile across the Baraboo quartzite ranges through Baraboo [4]
2.Profile across the Baraboo ranges through Merrimac [5]
Transcriber's note: There is no figure 3.
4.Diagram showing the structure of the quartzite [15]
5.Diagram showing the relation of the Potsdam sandstone to the Baraboo quartzite [16]
6.Diagram illustrating effect of faulting on outcrop [27]
7.Diagram showing the disposition of sediments about an island [28]
8.The same as 7 after subsidence [28]
9.Diagram showing relation of Potsdam conglomerate to quartzite at Devil's Lake [29]
10.Cross section of a delta [31]
11.The geological formations of southern Wisconsin [33]
12.A typical river system [41]
13.Diagram illustrating the relations of ground water to streams [42]
14.Diagram illustrating the shifting of divides [44]
15.Diagram showing topography at the various stages of an erosion cycle [46]
16.Diagram illustrating the development of rapids and falls [48]
17.Sketch looking northwest from Camp Douglas [52]
18.Diagrammatic cross section of a young valley [52]
19.Diagrammatic profile of a young valley [53]
20.Diagrammatic cross section of a valley in a later stage of development [53]
21.The same at a still later stage [54]
22.Diagram illustrating the topographic effect or rejuvenation of a stream by uplift [57]
23.Normal profile of a valley bottom [58]
24.Profile of a stream rejuvenated by uplift [58]
25.Diagram illustrating monoclinal shifting [62]
26.Diagram showing the relation of the Potsdam sandstone to the quartzite at the Upper Narrows [67]
27.Diagrammatic cross section of a field of ice and snow [75]
28.Shape of an erosion hill before glaciation [81]
29.The same after glaciation [82]
30.Diagram showing the effect of a valley on the movement of ice [83]
31. The same under different conditions [84]
32.Diagram showing the relation of drift to the underlying rock where the drift is thick [87]
33.The same where the drift is relatively thin [87]
34.Diagrammatic representation of the effect of a hill on the edge of the ice [90]
35.The same at a later stage of the ice advance [91]
36.Map showing the relation of the ice lobes during the Wisconsin epoch of the glacial period [92]
37.Sketch of the terminal moraine topography east of Devil's Lake [104]
38.Cut through the terminal moraine east of Kirkland [106]
39.Cross section of the marginal ridge of the moraine on the south slope of the Devil's nose [107]
40.Cross section of the marginal ridge of the moraine on the crest of the quartzite range [108]
41.Morainic outwash plain [118]
42.The same in other relations [119]
43.Skillett Creek and its peculiarities [139]
44.The Wisconsin valley near Kilbourn city [141]
45.Drainage in the driftless area [144]
46.Drainage in the glaciated area [145]
47.Section in the driftless region showing relation of the soil to the solid rock beneath [146]

PART I.