[56]Hicks, Value and Capital, p. 302, note. Mr. Hicks himself, however, regards the increase in population as the mainspring.
[57]Cf. A Survey of Contemporary Economics (ed. Ellis), p. 63.
[58]‘If production be capitalistic in form, so, too, will be reproduction’ (Capital, vol. i, p. 578).
[59]Surplus value in our exposition is identical with profit. This is true for production as a whole, which alone is of account in our further observations. For the time being, we shall not deal with the further division of surplus value into its component parts: profit of enterprise, interest, and rent, as this subdivision is immaterial to the problem of reproduction.
[60]‘Quesnay’s Tableau Économique shows ... how the result of national production in a certain year, amounting to some definite value, is distributed by means of the circulation in such a way, that ... reproduction can take place.... The innumerable individual acts of circulation are at once viewed in their characteristic social mass movement—the circulation between great social classes distinguished by their economic function’ (Capital, vol. ii, p. 414).
[61]Cf. Analyse du Tableau Économique, in Journal de l’Agriculture, du Commerce et des Finances, by Dupont (1766), pp. 305 ff. in Oncken’s edition of Œuvres de F. Quesnay. Quesnay remarks explicitly that circulation as he describes it is based upon two conditions: unhampered trade, and a system of taxation applying only to rent: ‘Yet these facts have indispensable conditions; that the freedom of commerce sustains the sale of products at a good price, ... and moreover, that the farmer need not pay any other direct or indirect charges but this income, part of which, say two sevenths, must form the revenue of the Sovereign’ (op. cit., p. 311).
[62]Adam Smith, An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (ed. MacCulloch, Edinburgh London, 1828), vol. i, pp. 86-8.
[63]Op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 17-18.
[64]Ibid., pp. 18-19.