In comparison, the figures for the German Empire show the following result: In 1898, cotton exports to the amount of £11,595,000 made up 5·75 per cent of the total exports, amounting to £200,500,000. 5,250,000,000 yards of cotton bales were exported in 1898, 2,250,000,000 of them to India (E. Jaffé: Die englische Baumwollindustrie und die Organisation des Exporthandels. Schmoller’s Jahrbücher, vol. xxiv, p. 1033).
In 1908, British exports of cotton yarn alone amounted to £13,100,000 (Statist. Jahrb. für das Deutsche Reich, 1910).
[348]One-fifth of German aniline dyes, and one-half of her indigo, goes to countries such as China, Japan, British India, Egypt, Asiatic Turkey, Brazil, and Mexico.
[349]Capital, vol. i, pp. 615-16.
[350]The English Blue Book on the practices of the Peruvian Amazon Company, Ltd., in Putumayo, has recently revealed that in the free republic of Peru and without the political form of colonial supremacy, international capital can, to all intents and purposes, enslave the natives, so that it may appropriate the means of production of the primitive countries by exploitation on the greatest scale. Since 1900, this company, financed by English and foreign capitalists, has thrown upon the London market approximately 4,000 tons of Putumayo rubber. During this time, 30,000 natives were killed and most of the 10,000 survivors were crippled by beatings.
[351]Capital, vol. i, p. 594. Similarly in another passage: ‘One part of the surplus value, of the surplus means of subsistence produced, must then be converted into variable capital for the purpose of purchasing new labour. This can only be done if the number of workers grows or if their working time is prolonged.... This, however, cannot be considered a ready measure for accumulation. The working population can increase if formerly unproductive workers are transformed into productive ones, or if parts of the population who previously performed no work, such as women, children and paupers, are drawn into the process of production. Here, however, we shall ignore this aspect. Lastly, the working population can increase through an absolute increase in population. If accumulation is to proceed steadily and continuously, it must be grounded in an absolute growth of the population, though this may decline in comparison with the capital employed. An expanding population appears as the basis of accumulation conceived as a steady process. An indispensable condition for this is an average wage which is adequate not only to the reproduction of the working population but permits its continual increase’ (Theorien über den Mehrwert, vol. ii, part 2, in the chapter on ‘Transformation of Revenue Into Capital’ (Verwandlung von Revenue in Kapital), p. 243).
[352]Capital, vol. i, pp. 642 ff.
[353]A table published in the United States shortly before the War of Secession contained the following data about the value of the annual production of the Slave States and the number of slaves employed—for the greatest part on cotton plantations:
| Year | Cotton: Dollars | Slaves |
| 1800 | 5,200,000 | 893,041 |
| 1810 | 15,000,000 | 1,191,364 |
| 1820 | 26,300,000 | 1,543,688 |
| 1830 | 34,100,000 | 2,009,053 |
| 1840 | 74,600,000 | 2,487,255 |
| 1850 | 101,800,000 | 3,197,509 |
| 1851 | 137,300,000 | 3,200,000 |
(Simons, ‘Class Struggles in American History’. Supplement to Neue Zeit (Klassenkämpfe in der Geschichte Amerikas. Ergänzungsheft der ‘Neuen Zeit’), Nr. 7, p. 39.)