The Chemistry of Plant Life

by Roscoe Wilfred Thatcher

In this chapter, an attempt has been made to arrange in some semblance of order some of the known manifestations of alteration of fixed habits of growth of plants in response to changes of environment, and to point out some of the suggestions of possible explanations of these phenomena which have been presented by different investigators.

This presentation cannot be considered as anything other than an introduction to a field of study which is as yet almost entirely unexplored, and, like all other unexplored territory, is full of mysteries. If the study of this chapter serves to stimulate interest in these mysteries and wonders of plant life, its purpose will have been accomplished.

---

INDEX

Bold-face figures indicate main references

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

[E]

[F]

[G]

[H]

[I]

[J]

[K]

[L]

[M]

[N]

[O]

[P]

[Q]

[R]

[S]

[T]

[U]

[V]

[W]

[X]

[Y]

[Z]

• Accelerators, [196].
• Accessory substances, [19].
• Achroo-dextrin, [61].
• Acid, acetic, [125], [126], [128], [132], [133], [136].
  • arabic, [98].
  • arachidic, [133].
  • aspartic, [168], [177].
  • brassic, [133].
  • butyric, [126], [133].
  • capric, [133].
  • caprylic, [133].
  • carnaubic, [140].
  • cerotic, [133], [140].
  • citric, [125], [127].
  • convolvulinic, [81].
  • crotonic, [133.]
  • diamino-oxysebacic, [169].
  • diamino-trioxydodecanic, [169].
  • digallic, [96].
  • ellagic, [96].
  • euxanthic, [84.]
  • formic, [25], [126], [128], [132].
  • galactonic, [42].
  • gallic, [96].
  • geddic, [69].
  • gluconic, [42].
  • glucuronic, [42], [43].
  • glutamic, [168], [177].
  • glycero-phosphoric, [142].
  • hydrocyanic, [77].
  • jalapinic, [81].
  • lauric, [133].
  • lignoceric, [133].
  • linoleic, [133].
  • linolenic, [133].
  • malic, [124], [127].
  • malonic, [124].
  • mannonic, [42].
  • melissic, [133].
  • meta-pectic, [68], [70].
  • mucic, [68].
  • myristic, [133].
  • nitric, [125].
  • nucleic, [162].
  • oleic, [133].
  • oxalicic, [68], [124], [125], [126], [128].
  • palmitic, [133], [140].
  • parapectic, [70].
  • pectic, [70.]
  • phosphoric, [141], [142], [162].
  • propionic, [126], [166].
  • pyrocatechuic, [96].
  • quercitannic, [98.]
  • racemic, [54].
  • ricinoleic, [133].
  • ruberythic, [83].
  • saccharic, [42], [68].
  • salicylic, [81].
  • sarco-lactic, [128].
  • stearic, [131], [133].
  • succinic, [127], [128].
  • sulfuric, [125].
  • sylvinic, [149].
  • talonic, [42].
  • tannic, [97], [127].
  • tartaric, [127].
  • uric, [160].
  • xanthoproteic, [173].
• Acid amides, [151].
• Acidity of protoplasm, [234].
• Acid glucosides, [81].
• Acid potassium oxalate, [125].
• Acid potassium sulfate, [88.]
• Acid salts, [124].
• Acids as toxins, [246].
• Acid sodium sulfate, [125].
• Acrolein, [135].
• Acrose, [28].
• Activators, [196].
• Adamkiewicz's reaction, [173].
• Adaptations, [249].
• Adenase, [190].
• Adenine, [160], [162].
• Adipo-celluloses, [74].
• Adsorption, [214].
• Æsculetin, [81], [82].
• Æsculin, [81], [82].
• Ætiophyllin, [106], [107], [109].
• Ætioporphyrin, [108], [109], [110].
• Alanine, [168], [177].
• Albumins, [175], [176].
• Albuminoids, [175], [176].
• Alcogel, [205].
• Alcohol, ethyl, [40], [125],
  • benzyl, [80].
  • carnaubyl, [135].
  • ceryl, [135], [140].
  • cetyl, [129], [135].
  • coniferyl, [80].
  • melissyl, [135].
  • myricyl, [129], [140].
  • phytyl, [104], [105].
  • polyhydric, [31].
• Alcohol glucosides, [80].
• Alcosol, [80].
• Aldehyde, benzoic, [148.].
  • cinnamic, [148.]
  • formic (see [formaldehyde]).
  • glyceric, [35].
• Aldehyde glucosides, [80].
• Aldehydrol, [46].
• Aldonic acids, [42], [44].
• Aldose, [32].
• Alizarin glucosides, [78].
• Alkalinity of protoplasm, [234].
• Alkalies as toxins, [247].
• "Alkali salts," [10], [247].
• "Alkali soils," [10], [14].
• Alkaloidal reagents, [154], [172].
• Alkaloids, [18], [20]. [151], [153], [248].
• Allose, [36], [37].
• Allyl isosulfocyanide, [88], [89], [148].
• Allyl sulfide, [148].
• α-glucose, [46].
• α-glucosides, [55].
• α-methyl glucoside, [47].
• Altrose, [36], [37].
• Aluminium, [4].
• Amandin, [170], [176].
• Amines, [151].
• Amino-acids, [6], [151], [166], [179], [248].
• Ammonia, [152].
• Ammonium hydroxide, [142], [152].
• Ammonium salts, [6].
• Amorphous chlorophyll, [104], [105].
• Amphoteric electrolytes, [172].
• Amygdalase, [87].
• Amygdalin, [81], [86].
• Amyl acetate, [148.]
• [Amylase], [186], [189], [191].
• Amylo-cellulose, [60].
• Amylo-dextrin, [61].
• Amylo-pectin, [60].
• Amylose, [60].
• Anergic food, [2], [17].
• Animal nucleic acids, [162].
• Antagonism, [14].
• Anthocyans, [83], [102], [115], [121].
• Anthocyanidins, [116].
• Anthocyanins, [102].
• Anthoxanthins, [117].
• Anthraquinone, [83].
• Antienzymes, [120], [197], [198].
• Antioxidase, [120].
• Antiscorbutic C, [243].
• Apigenin, [84], [118].
• Apiin, [84].
• Apiose, [84].
• Araban, [69].
• Arabinose, [35], [44], [68], [69], [88].
• Arabinosides, [56].
• Arbutin, [77], [79],
• Arginine, [169], [171], [177].
• Arsenic, [13].
• Asymmetric carbon atom, [33].
• Atropine, [155], [156].
• Autotrophic plants, [16], [18].
• Auximones, [239], [240], [244].
• Available plant food, [4].
• 
  Baptigenin, [79].
• Baptisin, [79].
• Beeswax, [133].
• Beet sugar (see [sucrose].)
• Berberine, [155].
• Betaine, [152].
• β-glucase, [55].
• β-glucose, [46].
• β-glucosides, [55].
• β-methyl glucoside, [47].
• Biogens, [223].
• Biological significance, [19].
• Biuret reaction, [173].
• Borneol, [148].
• Boron, [13].
• Bromelin, [189].
• Brucine, [157].
• Buffers, [236].
• Butter fat, [133].
• Butyric acid ferment, [190].
• 
  Cadaverine, [152].
• Caffeine, [160].
• Calcifuges, [9].
• Calciphiles, [9].
• Calcium, [3], [5], [9], [10], [14], [68].
• Calcium oxalate, [126].
• Campferitrin, [118].
• Campferol, [118].
• Camphene, [147].
• Camphor, [148].
• Cane sugar (see [sucrose].)
• Caoutchouc, [147].
• Capillary segregation, [235.]
• Carbohydrases, [189.]
• Carbohydrates, [18], [20], [21], [30], [163], [234].
• Carbon dioxide, [2], [3], [18], [21], [22], [23], [24], [40], [222].
• Carbonic acid, [227].
• Carbon monoxide, [24].
• Carboxyl, [124].
• Carboxylases, [186], [190].
• Carnauba wax, [133], [140].
• Carotin, [112], [113], [121].
• Carnauba wax, [102], [111].
• Carvacrol, [148].
• Casein, [165].
• Castanin, [176].
• Castor oil, [130].
• Catalases, [190], [193].
• Catalysis, [182].
• Catalysts, [17], [25], [183].
• Catechol tannins, [97].
• Catechin, [97].
• Catechu tannins, [97].
• Cellobiose, [52].
• Cell structure, [221].
• Cellulase, [71], [186], [189].
• Celluloid, [52].
• Cellulose, [20], [45], [63], [67], [72].
• Cell-wall, [9,] [12,] [222.]
• Cerebrosides, [141], [144].
• Chemical resistance, [52].
• Cherry gum, [68].
• Chinovose, [35].
• Chlorine, [12].
• Chlorophyll, [10], [11], [21], [27], [102], [105], [110], [111], [113], [122], [254].
• Chlorophyll a, [103], [106], [107], [111].
• Chlorophyll b, [103], [106], [108], [111].
• Chlorophyllase, [104].
• Chlorophyllin a, [106], [107].
• Chlorophyllin b, [106], [107].
• Cholesterol, [129], [136].
• Choline, [89], [103], [141], [142], [152].
• Chromatic adaptations, [251], [253].
• Chromogens b, [92], [119].
• Chromo-proteins, [175].
• Chrysin, [117].
• Cinchonine, [155], [157].
• Coagulated proteins, [175].
• Coagulation enzymes, [190].
• Cocaine, [155], [157].
• Cocoanut oil, [133].
• Codeine, [155], [157].
• Coenzymes, [197].
• "Cold-drawn oils, [137].
• Collodion, [73].
• Colloidal phenomena, [17], [202].
• Colloidal solutions, [204].
• Colloids, [202].
• Colophene, [147].
• Colophony, [149].
• Compound celluloses, [71], [73].
• Conglutin, [176].
• Coniferin, [80].
• Coniine, [155], [156].
• Coniine, [165], [174], [175].
• Continuous phase, [203].
• Convolvulin, [81].
• Copper, [13], [247].
• Cork tissue, [99], [101].
• Corn oil, [130].
• Corylin, [176].
• Cottonseed oil, [130.]
• Critical elements, [4].
• "Crude fat," [141].
• Crystalline chlorophyll, [104], [105].
• Crystalloids, [202].
• Crystalline chlorophyll, [81], [148].
• Curarine, [157].
• Cuto-celluloses, [74].
• Cyanidin, [85], [116].
• Cyanin, [85].
• Cyanophore glucosides, [86].
• Cyanophyllin, [107], [108].
• Cyanoporphyrin, [108].
• Cymarigenin, [90].
• Cymarin, [90].
• Cymarose, [90].
• Cystine, [168], [171].
• Cytase, [107], [108].
• Cytosine, [161], [162].
• 
  Daphnetin, [81]. [82].
• Daphnin, [81].
• Deaminases, [168], [190].
• Delphinidin, [85], [116].
• Delphinin, [85].
• Derived proteins, [173], [175], [177].
• Dextrin, [59], [61].
• Dextrinase, [189].
• d-galactose, [33].
• d-glucose, [33].
• Dextrosans, [59].
• Dextrose (see [glucose].)
• Dhurrin, [87].
• Diastase (see [amylase].)
• Diastase of secretion, [191.]
• Digitaligenin, [89.]
• Digitalin, [89].
• Digitogenin, [89].
• Digitonin, [89], [90].
• Digito-saponin, [90].
• Digitoxigenin, [89].
• Digitoxin, [89].
• Digitoxose, [89].
• Diglycerides, [131].
• Diose, [30].
• Disaccharides, [31], [48].
• Dispersed phase, [203].
• Dispersion medium, [203].
• Dispersion phenomena, [203].
• Drying oils, [132].
• Dulcitol series, [36].
• 
  [Edestin,] [170], [176].
• Egg-albumin, [165].
• Electrical phenomena of protoplasm, [233].
• Electrolytes, [213], [227].
• Emulsoids, [206], [214].
• Emulsions, [206].
• Emulsin, [55], [77], [87], [184], [189].
• Enol, [44], [56].
• Enzymes, [18], [18], [19], [20], [23], [26], [120], [121], [181], [183], [194], [199], [244].
• Erepsin, [189].
• Erythro-dextrin, [61].
• Erythrophyllin, [107].
• Erythrose, [35].
• Essential elements, [4].
• Essential oils, [18], [146], [147], [224].
• Esterases, [186], [189].
• Esters, [124], [125], [129].
• "Ether extract," [141].
• Etherial salts (see [esters].)
• Ethersol, [205].
• Ethyl acetate, [125].
• Ethyl nitrate, [125].
• Excelsin, [176].
• Extracellular enzymes, [184].
• 
  [Fats,] [18], [20], [129], [224], [227].
• Fat-soluble A, [243].
• Fatty acids, [132], [142].
• Fehling's solution, [39], [47].
• Fermentability, [40].
• Ferments (see [enzymes].)
• Ferric salts, [11].
• Ferrous salts, [11].
• Fisetin, [118].
• Flavone, [82], [83], [102].
• Flavonol, [84].
• Food, [1].
• Formaldehyde, [22], [23], [25], [26], [27], [247].
• Frame-work material, [20], [67].
• Fraxetin, [82].
• Fraxin, [82].
• Fructose, [23], [28], [32], [36], [41], [44], [45], [47], [57], [162].
• Fructosides, [41], [42].
• Fruit sugar (see [fructose].)
• Fucose, [35].
• Fucoxanthin, [102], [112], [114].
• 
  [Galactans,] [47], [59], [63], [72].
• Galactoheptose, [36].
• Galactooctose, [36].
• Galactose, [32], [36], [38], [45], [47], [57], [72], [77].
• Galactosides, [41], [42].
• Gaultherin, [81].
• Gel, [175], [205], [208].
• Gelation, [210].
• Gel-formation, [208], [211].
• Gentianose, [52], [53].
• Gentiobiose, [49], [52], [53].
• Gentisin, [119].
• Gitaligenin, [89].
• Gitalin, [89].
• Gitogenin, [89].
• Gitonin, [89].
• Glaucophyllin, [107].
• Gliadin, [165], [170], [176].
• Globulins, [170], [175], [176].
• Glucase, [186].
• Glucodecose, [44].
• Glucoheptose, [36], [44].
• Glucononose, [36].
• Glucooctose, [36].
• Glucoproteins, [175].
• Glucose, [23], [28], [32], [36], [37], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [57], [77].
• Glucosidases, [189].
• Glucosides, [18], [20], [41], [48], [55], [76], [91], [93].
• Glue, [210].
• Glutelins, [175], [176].
• Glutenin, [176].
• Glycerine (see [glycerol].)
• Glycerol, [129], [131], [134], [142].
• Glycine, [166], [168], [177].
• Glycinin, [176].
• Glycogen, [59], [61].
• Glycyphyllin, [79].
• Graminin, [59], [62].
• Granulose, [60].
• Grape sugar (see [glucose].)
• Guanase, [190].
• Guanine, [160], [162].
• Gulose, [36], [37].
• Gum arabic, [68].
• Gums, [62], [67], [68].
• Gum tragacanth, [69].
• Gun-cotton, [73].
• 
  [Hæmatin,] [110].
• Hæmatinic acid imide, [109].
• Hæmatoporphyrin, [110].
• Hæmoglobin, [110].
• Hæmopyrrole, [109].
• Helicin, [81].
• Hemi-celluloses, [63], [71].
• Hemi-terpenes, [147].
• Heptoses, [30].
• Hesperidin, [79].
• Hesperitin, [79], [80].
• Heterotrophic plants, [16].
• Hexosans, [59], [67].
• Hexoses, [22], [28], [30].
• Histidine, [169], [177].
• Histones, [175], [176].
• Honey sugar (see [fructose].)
• Hordein, [153], [170], [176].
• Hormones, [92], [239], [240].
• "Hot-drawn oils," [137].
• Humins, [67].
• Hydrastine, [155].
• Hydrazones, [40], [49].
• Hydrocellulose, [73].
• Hydrogen peroxide, [26], [27], [190].
• Hydrogel, [205].
• Hydrolases, [186], [189].
• Hydroquinone, [77], [79].
• Hydrosol, [205].
• Hydroxy-phenyl ethyl amine, [153].
• Hygrine, [155], [156].
• Hyoscine, [155].
• Hyoscyamine, [156].
• Hypoxanthine, [160].
• 
  [Idain,] [85].
• Idose, [36], [37].
• Illuminating gas as a toxin, [247].
• Imbibition, [247].
• Impermeable membranes, [228].
• Indian yellow, [84].
• Indican, [78], [85].
• Indigo, [78], [84].
• Indigotin, [85].
• Indole, [158].
• Indoxyl, [85].
• Inhibitors, [196].
• Intracellular enzymes, [184].
• Inulin, [59].
• Inulinase, [62], [189].
• Invertase, [50], [189], [191].
• Invert sugar, [47], [50].
• Iodine number, [138].
• Ionization phenomena, [226].
• Iridin, [79].
• Irigenin, [79], [80].
• Iron, [3], [5], [11], [110].
• Isochlorophyllin a, [106], [107], [108].
• Isochlorophyllin b, [106], [107], [108].
• Isohæmopyrrole, [138].
• Isoleucine, [168].
• Isomaltose, [51].
• Isomerism, [32].
• Isoprene, [147].
• Isoquercitrin, [84].
• Isoquinoline, [155].
• 
  [Jalapin,] [81].
• Japan wax, [129].
• Juglansin, [176].
• 
  [Ketose,] [32].
• 
  [Lactam,] [104].
• Lactase, [56].
• Lactic acid ferment, [190].
• Lactone, [104].
• Lactose, [45], [49], [52].
• Laudanosine, [158].
• Laudanum, [158].
• Lactose, [7], [141], [142], [143].
• Lecithoproteins, [175].
• Legumelin, [176].
• Legumin, [170], [176].
• Leucine, [115], [168], [177].
• Leucomaines, [152].
• Leucosin, [176].
• l-galactose, [33].
• l-glucose, [33].
• Levulosans, [59], [62].
• Levulose (see [fructose].)
• Lichenin, [62].
• Light, [21], [253], [257].
• Lignocelluloses, [74].
• Lignose, [31].
• Limettin, [82].
• Limonene, [147].
• Linalyl acetate, [148].
• Linseed oil, [133].
• Lipases, [186], [189].
• Lipins (see [lipoids].)
• Lipoids, [129], [140].
• Lipoproteins, [175].
• Lupinine, [155].
• Lycopersicin, [102], [122], [144].
• Lysine, [169], [171], [177].
• Lyxose, [35].
• 
  [Magnesium,] [3], [5], [9], [10], [11], [13], [14], [68].
• Maltase, [55], [184], [189].
• Maltose, [45], [49], [51], [52].
• Malvidin, [85].
• Malvin, [85].
• Mandelo-nitrile, [87], [88].
• Mandelo-nitrile glucoside, [77], [87].
• Manganese, [4], [13].
• "Manna," [47].
• Mannans, [59], [62], [63], [72].
• Mannite, [47].
• Mannitol, [47].
• Mannitol series, [36].
• Mannoheptose, [36], [44].
• Mannononose, [47].
• Mannooctose, [36].
• Mannosans (see [mannans].)
• Mannose, [32], [36], [37], [41], [44], [45], [47], [57], [72].
• Mannosides, [42].
• Maple sugar (see [sucrose].)
• Maysin, [176].
• Melibiose, [49], [52].
• Melizitose, [52].
• Menthol, [148].
• "Mercerizing" cotton, [73].
• Mercury, [247].
• Merosinigrin, [88].
• MaltoseMetallic salts, [13], [224], [227], [247].
• "Metal proteids,", [14].
• Meta-pectin, [70].
• Metaproteins, [175].
• Methylethylmalein imide, [108].
• Methyl glucosides, [42].
• Methyl pentoses, [35].
• Methyl salicylate, [81].
• Middle lamella, [67], [70].
• Millon's reaction, [173].
• Molisch's reaction, [174].
• Monoglycerides, [131].
• Monohydric alcohols, [135].
• Monosaccharides, [31], [35], [45].
• Morin, [119].
• Morphine, [155], [158].
• Morphological adaptations, [251], [252], [255].
• Mucilages, [67], [70].
• Muco-celluloses, [74].
• Muscarine, [152].
• Mustard oils, [88], [148].
• Mustard oil glucosides, [88].
• Mutarotation, [46], [49].
• Myrosin, [77], [88], [149], [189].
• Myrtillidin, [85].
• Myrtillin, [85].
• 
  [Narceine,] [158].
• Narcotine, [158].
• "Natural selection,", [254].
• Neurine, [152].
• Nicotine, [155], [156].
• Nitrates, [6].
• Nitrile reaction, [43].
• Nitriles, [43], [44].
• Nitrogen, [3], [5], [6], [151], [164].
• Non-drying oils, [132].
• Non-essential elements, [4].
• Non-reducing sugars, [39], [49].
• Nonoses, [31].
• Normal celluloses, [72].
• Nuclease, [189].
• Nucleoproteins, [162], [175].
• Nutrients, [1].
• 
  [Octoses,] [31].
• Œnidin, [85], [116].
• Œnin, [85].
• Oils, [129].
• Oil of bergamot, [148].
• Oil of bitter almonds, [86], [148].
• Oil of cassia, [148].
• Oil of cinnamon, [148].
• Oil of garlic, [148].
• Oil of lavender, [148].
• Oil of mustard, [148].
• Olive oil, [130].
• Opium, [158].
• Organic acids, [18], [124], [248].
• Organized ferments, [183].
• Ornamental pigments, [102], [123].
• Ornithine, [169].
• Oryzenin, [176].
• Osazones, [40], [41], [49].
• Osmotic pressure, [213], [228].
• Osones, [41].
• Oxidases, [186], [190], [193].
• Oxime, [44].
• Oxycellulose, [73].
• Oxycumarin glucosides, [81].
• Oxygenated oils, [147].
• Oxyhydroquinone, [95].
• Oxyproline, [169].
• 
  [Pæonidin,] [85].
• Pæonin, [85].
• Palm oil, [133].
• Papain, [189].
• Papaverine, [155], [158].
• Para-dextran, [62].
• Para-isodextran, [62].
• Paralyzers, [196].
• Para-pectin, [70].
• Parasites, [16].
• Peanut oil, [133].
• Pectase, [71].
• Pectinase, [189].
• Pectins, [20], [31], [67], [70].
• Pecto-celluloses, [74].
• Pectose, [31], [70].
• Pelargonidin, [85], [116].
• Pelargonin, [85].
• Pentosans, [31], [67], [68], [72].
• Pentoses, [30], [162].
• Pepsin, [167].
• Peptids, [166], [167], [176].
• Peptones, [176].
• Permeable membranes, [228].
• Peroxidases, [190].
• Persimmons, [100].
• Persuelose, [36].
• Phæophytin, [107], [108].
• Phaselin, [176].
• Phaseolin, [176].
• Phenol, [95].
• Phenol glucosides, [79].
• Phenyl alanine, [168], [177].
• Phenyl hydrazine, [40].
• Phlein, [62].
• Phloretin, [79].
• Phloridzin, [79].
• Phloroglucinol, [95].
• Phosphates, [7].
• Phosphatides, [141], [143].
• Phosphoproteins, [175].
• Phosphorus, [3], [5], [7].
• Photochemical action of light, [253], [257].
• Photolysis, [26].
• Photosynthesis, [7], [8], [18], [21], [22], [24], [254].
• Phycoerythrin, [102], [115].
• Phycophæin, [102], [115].
• Phyllins, [106], [107].
• Phyllophyllin, [107].
• Phyllopyrrole, [109].
• Physiological adaptations, [252], [257].
• Physiological use, [19].
• Phytase, [189].
• Phytochlorin, [108].
• Phytorhodin, [108].
• Pigment glucosides, [82].
• Pigments, [18], [102], [224], [254].
• Pinene, [147].
• Piperidine, [154].
• Piperine, [155].
• Plant amines, [151], [152], [163].
• Plant food, [1].
• Plant nucleic acids, [162].
• Polybasic acids, [124].
• Polyhydric alcohols, [31].
• Polypeptides, [167].
• Polysaccharides, [59].
• Polyterpenes, [147].
• Poppy wax, [140].
• Populin, [80].
• Porphyrins, [108].
• Potassium, [3], [5], [8], [10], [13], [14].
• Primary amines, [152].
• Proenzymes, [198].
• Proinulase, [199].
• Proinvertase, [199].
• Prolamins, [175], [176].
• Proline, [169], [177].
• Prolipase, [199].
• Prooxidase, [199].
• Protamins, [175], [176].
• Proteans, [175].
• Proteases, [186], [189], [192].
• Protective colloids, [209].
• Proteins, [7], [18], [20], [151], [162], [163], [164], [224].
• Proteoses, [175].
• Protoplasm, [17], [26], [221].
• Prulaurasin, [87].
• Prunase, [87].
• Prunasin, [87].
• Ptomaines, [152].
• Purine, [159].
• Purine bases, [151], [159], [162].
• Purpurin, [83].
• Putrescine, [152].
• Pyrimidine, [161].
• Pyrimidine bases, [161], [162].
• Pyrocatechol, [95].
• Pyrogallol, [95].
• Pyrogallol tannins, [97].
• Pyroxylin, [73].
• Pyrrophyllin, [107].
• Pyrridine, [154].
• Pyrrolidine, [154].
• 
  [Quaternary amines,] [152].
• Quercetin, [84], [118].
• Quercitrin, [84].
• Quinine, [155], [157].
• Quinoline, [155], [158].
• 
  [Radiant energy,] [19].
• Raffinose, [45], [52], [53].
• Rape-seed oil, [130].
• Reducing sugars, [39], [49].
• Reductases, [186], [190].
• Reserve food, [21].
• Resenes, [149].
• Resins, [18], [146], [149].
• Resorcinol, [95].
• Respiration, [18], [121], [235], [236].
• Rhamnase, [77], [189].
• Rhamnetin, [84].
• Rhamnose, [35], [52], [77], [79].
• Rhodeose, [35], [81].
• Rhodophyllin, [107].
• Ribose, [35].
• Ricin, [176].
• Rubiadin, [83].
• Rubiphyllin, [107].
• 
  [Saccharide,] [31].
• Salicin, [80].
• Saligenin, [80].
• Salinigrin, [81].
• Salts, [224], [227], [237].
• Sambunigrin, [87].
• Sapogenins, [90].
• Saponification, [134].
• Saponification value, [138].
• Saponins, [90].
• Sapotoxins, [90].
• Saprophytes, [16].
• "Saturated" acids, [132].
• Scopolin, [82].
• Secalin, [63].
• Secondary amines, [152].
• Secretions, [20].
• Sedoheptose, [36].
• Semipermeable membranes, [228].
• Sensitizers, [27].
• Serine, [168].
• Silicates, [12].
• Silicon, [4], [12].
• Silver, [247].
• Simple proteins, [165], [174], [175].
• Sinalbin, [89].
• Sinalbin mustard oil, [89].
• Sinapin acid sulfate, [89].
• Sinigrin, [88].
• Sinistrin, [62].
• Sitosterol, [136].
• Skimmetin, [81], [82].
• Skimmin, [81].
• Soaps, [81134], [208].
• Sodium, [4], [9], [12], [13], [14].
• Sodium stearate, [133].
• Sol, [205].
• "Soluble starch,", [60].
• Sorbitol, [48].
• Sorbose, [16], [38], [45], [48].
• Specific rotatory power, [38], [39].
  • , of fructose, [39], [47].
  • , of galactose, [49].
  • , of glucose, [39], [47].
  • , of maltose, [51].
  • , of raffinose, [53].
  • , of sucrose, [39].
• Skimmetin, [129], [133].
• Stachydrine, [135].
• Stachyose, [54].
• Starch, [8], [22], [28], [30], [31], [45], [59], [64].
• "Starch paste," [60].
• Stearin, [131], [134].
• Stereo-isomerism, [32].
• Stigmasterol, [136].
• Structural adaptations, [255].
• Structural isomerism, [32].
• Strychnine, [155], [157].
• Substrate, [186].
• Sucrase (see [invertase].)
• Sucrases, [186].
• Sucrose, [28],[49], [64].
• Sugars, [8], [18], [22], [28], [30], [31].
• Sulfur, [3], [5], [11], [148].
• Sulfuretted oils, [147], [148].
• Sulfur test, [186].
• Sunflower-seed oil, [130].
• Surface boundary phenomena, [231].
• Surface energy, [231].
• Surface tension, [231].
• "Survival of the fittest," [254].
• Suspensoids, [206], [214].
• Suspensions, [206].
• Synergic foods, [2], [20].
• Suspensions, [18].
• 
  [Tagatose,] [36], [38], [57].
• Talose, [36], [38], [42], [57].
• Tannins, [18], [94], [97], [99], [100], [127], [208], [224].
• Tannon group, [96].
• Terpenes, [147].
• Tertiary amines, [152].
• Tetrapeptides, [167].
• Tetrasaccharides, [54].
• Tetrose, [30], [35].
• Theobromine, [160].
• Theophylline, [160].
• Thioglucose, [88].
• Threose, [35].
• Thymine, [161], [162].
• Thymol, [148].
• Toxins, [13], [239], [240], [245].
• Translocation diastase, [191].
• Trehalase, [51].
• Trehalose, [49], [50].
• Triglycerides, [131].
• Trimethyl amine, [152].
• Trimethyl glycocoll, [143].
• Triose, [30], [35].
• Trioxymethylene, [22], [23].
• Tripeptides, [167].
• Trisaccharides, [31], [52].
• Triticin, [59], [62].
• Tryptophane, [169], [171], [177].
• Tuberin, [176].
• Turanose, [49], [53].
• Tyndall phenomena, [212].
• Tyrosine, [115], [168], [177].
• 
  [Unavailable plant food,] [4].
• Ultrafilter, [215].
• Ultramicroscope, [203], [204], [205], [211].
• Unorganized ferments, [183].
• "Unsaturated" acids, [132], [138].
• Uracil, [161], [162].
• Urease, [190].
• 
  [Valine,] [168].
• Vanillin, [80], [148].
• Vegetable bases, [18], [151].
• Vicianin, [88].
• Vicilin, [176].
• Vignin, [176].
• Vitamines, [239], [240], [242].
• Volatile oils, [20], [147].
• 
  [Water,] [3], [21], [22], [23], [224].
• Water-soluble B, [243].
• Waxes, [18], [129], [140].
• Weathering, [4].
• Wood gum, [68].
• Wool fat, [129].
• Wound gum, [68], [69].
• 
  [Xanthine,] [160].
• Xanthone, [82], [83], [102].
• Xanthophyll, [112], [113], [121].
• Xanthopurpurin, [83].
• Xanthorhamnin, [52], [84].
• Xylan, [69].
• Xylose, [35], [68], [69].
• Xylosides, [56].
• 
  [Yeast,] [61].
• 
  [Zein,] [165], [170], [176], [177].
• Zinc, [13].
• Zymase, [51], [56], [190], [192].
• Zymogens, [198].