In the same way the prefix cysto is frequently used to imply a combination of originally solid tumor which had undergone cystic changes in whole or in part.

The old term cele is frequently used as a suffix, implying neoplastic changes in an organ, or at least the formation there of a tumor. Thus we have bronchocele, hydrocele, and cystocele. Again, certain terms are used in a different sense from that originally intended. Thus the term sarcoma has a definite significance, whereas originally it had little meaning and was applied inadequately and indiscriminately. Old terms also, like fungus hematodes, are now used rather in a descriptive sense, because for any such tumor we can find, on accurate examination, a proper term taken from descriptive pathology. Therefore the student of today should read the works of the older writers, especially concerning neoplasms, with a certain amount of intelligence, as well as of apology for the inaccuracy and misnomers of the past.

TREATMENT OF TUMORS.

The results of treatment of tumors leave much still to be desired, particularly when dealing with those of malignant nature. So far as purely internal treatment is concerned, we have not yet discovered drugs which with any certainty influence cell growth to the extent of making them reliable or effective. In the past, and even at present, numerous remedies have been advocated as having more or less power in this direction. Of them all it is probable that arsenic in some form is more efficacious than any other. This is true in the case of the disease elsewhere spoken of as malignant lymphoma, or Hodgkin’s disease, which partakes much of the character of some of the other neoplasms. But to say that arsenic alone or any other known remedy can be relied upon at all times is making a bold assertion.

Operable Tumors.

—The treatment of operable tumors is essentially surgical (i. e., operative), although to a large extent results are based upon the essential character of individual cases. But it can be stated that to be successful in the removal of any tumor its complete extirpation is imperative. Even the most benign growths will return if only partially removed. This is true even of innocent cysts, which will be often reformed if a portion of the cyst wall be allowed to remain. Complete extirpation is ordinarily a simple measure when tumors are encapsulated, as are often many of the innocent tumors. On the other hand, the performance of some of these operations is made difficult and hazardous by the location of the tumor, as in many large uterine fibroids, tumors of the thyroid, etc. But when dealing with malignant tumors the secret of success is to extirpate them, sacrificing everything which may appear to be involved unless, like a large bloodvessel or important organ, it be essential to the life of the part or of the individual. These statements are made when speaking of tumors in a general way. More specific directions will be given when dealing with particular forms or in the chapters on Special and Regional Surgery.

CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS.

Following custom in large degree, yet being guided by undeniable facts concerning histological structure, tumors will be classified and considered as follows:

1. Cysts.