ii. The spiny processes on the upper end of the tibia are not included in the measurement of its length.
Immature limb-bones are recognised by the line which demarcates the extreme ends, or epiphyses, from the shaft (or diaphysis). Sexual differences are chiefly indicated by greater length, stoutness, and also by the development of osseous ridges in male bones.
Fig. 4.—Position of the thigh-bone for measurement of its length.
10. The measurements of the long bones are used in estimating the stature. Special notice is to be paid to individuals of giant or of dwarf stature. In this connection particular mention should be made in the following instances:—
(a) Where the thigh bone measures more than 52 cm., or less than 36 cm.
(b) Where the shin bone measures more than 42 cm., or less than 28 cm.
(c) Where the fibula measures more than 41 cm., or less than 28 cm.
(d) Where the upper arm bone measures more than 37 cm., or less than 26 cm.
(e) Where the ulna measures more than 29 cm., or less than 20 cm.