Judicial procedure includes grand juries, which hear evidence, court transcript by court stenographers, discovery, depositions, and presumption of innocence (after Salem witch trials in the United States). The United States changed judicial procedure in several respects: parties were allowed to testify, writ pleading was abandoned, and prisons were used for reforming prisoners. Debtors prisons were abolished. Also, the law was seen not as divinely inspired eternal law to be found by judges, but law made by man to suit the times. State judges served for life during good behavior; they could be removed by the procedure of impeachment. In some states, judges were elected. There were privileges on testimony such as attorney-client, priest-confessor, and husband- wife.

Appendix: Sovereigns of England

Accession Name
871 Alfred the Great
899 Edward the Elder son of Alfred
924 AEthelstan son of Edward the Elder
939 Edmund son of Edward the Elder
946 Eadred son of Edward the Elder
955 Eadwig son of Edmund
959 Edgar son of Edmund
975 Edward the Martyr son of Edgar
978 AEthelred the Unready son of Edgar
1016 Edmund Ironside son of AEthelred the Unready
1016 Canute
1035 Harold I Harefoot son of Canute
1040 Hardicanute son of Canute
1042 Edward the Confessor son of Aethelred the Unready
1066 Harold II
1066 William I, the Conquerer
1087 William II son of William I
1100 Henry I (and Matilda) son of William I
1135 Stephen
1154 Henry II (and Eleanor) grandson of Henry I
1189 Richard I, the Lion-Hearted son of Henry II
1199 John son of Henry II
1216 Henry III son of John
1272 Edward I (and Eleanor) son of Henry III
1307 Edward II son of Edward I
1327 Edward III son of Edward II
1377 Richard II grandson of Edward III
1399 Henry IV
1413 Henry V son of Henry IV
1422 Henry VI son of Henry V
1461 Edward IV
1483 Edward V son of Edward IV
1483 Richard III
1485 Henry VII (and Elizabeth)
1509 Henry VIII son of Henry VII
1547 Edward VI son of Henry VIII
1553 Mary daughter of Henry VIII
1558 Elizabeth I daughter of Henry VIII
1603 James I
1625 Charles I son of James I
1649 Oliver Cromwell
1660 Charles II son of Charles I
1685 James II son of Charles I
1689 William and Mary
1694 William III
1702 Anne granddaughter of James II
1714 George I
1727 George II son of George I
1760 George III son of George II

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THE END